Memory: Basic Conceptual Approaches

<p>Memory that requires effortful recollection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primarily involves skills and habits that are performed unconsciously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Knowing how</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A heightened ability to recognize a stimulus after previous exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintenance rehearsal is passive, while elaborative rehearsal is active</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With the use of elaborate processing techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic - Declarative and specific events</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shallow processing techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition of previously seen stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different forms of memory operate under varying principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Has a limited capacity and holds information briefly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How the position of words affects recall abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forgetfulness follows a predictable exponential pattern after learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implicit memory involves unintentional learning, while explicit memory is deliberate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prior knowledge facilitates the encoding of new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has an almost unlimited capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stores information permanently without rehearsal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased IQ without learning new information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be flexibly communicated in formats different from their acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It includes the acquisition of motor and cognitive skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicit memory is conscious, while implicit memory is unconscious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic memories are tied to personal experiences, while semantic memories are general knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connecting new information to prior knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to encoding based on the superficial characteristics of stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The success of recall is enhanced when cognitive operations match the encoding process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The depth of processing applied to the information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceiving, manipulating, and interpreting stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides empirical support through dissociation studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is less durable than long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The influence of rehearsal on memory transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a limited capacity that can easily be displaced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By showing that different memory systems can be affected independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rate of presentation of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The performance of amnesic patients on memory tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short-term and long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is acquired through unconscious learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition of previously experienced stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination of forming, retaining, and retrieving information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elaborative rehearsal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a passive repetition of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generally contributes to forgetting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It correlates cognitive processing depth with memory retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition through previously presented stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forgetting primarily occurs within minutes or days of learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cued recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory results from activation of networks of interrelated concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New memories are vulnerable to disruptions while older memories are stable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a distinct activation pattern of a neural network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recalling information without cues or prompts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each can connect to various other units to create multiple knowledge sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It goes back to baseline resting state after activation is complete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide input and output connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proactive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption of old memories by new information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recalling an event but misattributing its source</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To activate associations related to the main memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cryptomnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overlapping memories diminish the strength of one or both</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential interconnections among neural units</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deeper processing leads to better recall of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prior knowledge helps in connecting new information to existing knowledge, making it easier to remember.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfer-appropriate processing states that memory retrieval is more effective when cognitive operations at encoding align with those during retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incidental learning occurs without the explicit intention to learn, often relying on the quality of processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive operations involve perceiving, manipulating, and interpreting stimuli, which are crucial for effective memory retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that memory consists of different compartments or components, each with unique characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Dual Store Theory differentiates them by stating that STM holds information briefly and has limited capacity, while LTM stores information durably and has nearly unlimited capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rehearsal is crucial as it helps maintain information in short-term memory and facilitates its transfer to long-term memory when performed adequately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The serial position curve illustrates that recall of words in a list is affected by their position, typically showing improved recall for items presented at the beginning and end of the list.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evidence from dissociation and double dissociation studies, particularly involving brain-damaged patients like Patient H.M., supports the existence of distinct memory stores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disaggregation allows for a simpler understanding of memory by breaking it down into smaller compartments, each with its own characteristics and principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Considering both aspects is important because they reveal how different memory types operate distinctly in terms of duration, capacity, and retrieval mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The limited capacity characteristic indicates that short-term memory can typically hold only a few items at a time, which impacts how information is retained and processed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates a faster and more accurate response to that stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintenance rehearsal involves passive repetition, while elaborative rehearsal requires active, meaningful analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It posits that deeper cognitive processing enhances retention and understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Priming enhances the identification of stimuli previously encountered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural knowledge is non-declarative and involves skills, while episodic and semantic memories are declarative, focusing on 'what' is known.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation, retention, and retrieval of memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It greatly enhances memory retention by promoting deeper understanding and connection to prior knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The removal of the hippocampus demonstrates that while STM can be intact, LTM, especially the ability to learn new information, can be severely impaired, highlighting a dissociation between the two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'I remember' indicates a personal and contextual recollection of experiences (episodic), while 'I know' reflects a factual, context-free understanding (semantic).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural learning focuses on 'knowing how' to perform tasks, encompassing motor skills, cognitive skills, and perceptual skills, as opposed to recalling facts or personal experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both episodic and semantic memories can be flexibly communicated and can be consciously recalled, embodying the concept of declarative memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distinction highlights that explicit memory involves conscious recollection of facts and events, while implicit memory governs actions and habits performed unconsciously, influencing behavior without awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connectionist models propose that recalling a memory activates related neural units, leading to the summation of associated information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interference disrupts memory by causing overlaps between similar memories, which can weaken either or both memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Source amnesia is when a person remembers information but forgets its origin; for example, it may occur when someone recalls a fact but cannot cite where they learned it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proactive interference happens when old information disrupts the acquisition of new information, making it harder to learn effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connectionist models stress that neural units are interconnected, allowing for complex relationships and the combination of various memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of older information, often leading to forgetting previously learned material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The forgetting curve indicates that most forgetting occurs shortly after learning, with significant memory drops occurring within minutes or days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cryptomnesia is a form of source amnesia where a person mistakenly believes their recalled thoughts are new, often resulting in unintentional plagiarism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The activation of neural units enhances memory retrieval by enabling access to associated information, creating a more comprehensive memory experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Free recall involves retrieving information without any cues, while cued recall provides prompts to assist memory retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural connections form networks where each memory is represented by a unique activation pattern among interrelated concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older memories become stable as they are reinforced through repeated activation, whereas new memories are more vulnerable to disruption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cues are valuable in helping trigger memory recall, especially in cued recall and recognition tasks, enhancing the likelihood of successful retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ebbinghaus' findings suggest that revisiting and practicing learned material soon after initial learning can significantly enhance memory retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition involves identifying the correct answer from given options, while free and cued recall require producing information from memory without given alternatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The activation of neural networks occurs after learning, where connections are strengthened or weakened based on experiences, impacting future memory recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers