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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes explicit memory from implicit memory?

  • Implicit memory does not rely on previous experiences.
  • Explicit memory involves conscious effort to recall. (correct)
  • Explicit memory is never affected by aging.
  • Implicit memory can only recall events from the past.

Which type of memory includes knowledge about events personally experienced?

  • Episodic memory (correct)
  • Implicit memory
  • Semantic memory
  • Procedural memory

How is semantic memory best characterized?

  • It involves recalling specific events with visual imagery.
  • It relies heavily on sensory input from the environment.
  • It consists mainly of language-based knowledge and facts. (correct)
  • It is only concerned with emotional experiences.

What does the term 'declarative memory' refer to?

<p>Memory that is expressed verbally or can be stated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what aspect of memory do prompts play a significant role?

<p>Prompts are essential for recalling episodic memories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception about explicit and implicit memory?

<p>Implicit memory is dependent on conscious recollection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is likely to be stored as part of episodic memory?

<p>Details of a birthday party. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about memory types is TRUE?

<p>Explicit memory includes both episodic and semantic types. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is egocentric bias in memory?

<p>Enhancing memories by focusing on oneself. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hindsight bias commonly referred to as?

<p>The ‘I knew it all along’ phenomenon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'persistence' refer to in memory?

<p>The involuntary recall of unwanted memories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proactive interference occurs when:

<p>Old information hinders the recall of new information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes retroactive interference?

<p>Difficulty in recalling old information after learning new information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of interference in memory?

<p>Forgetting the new phone number after memorizing the old one. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the reconstructive nature of memory contribute to hindsight bias?

<p>By creating false memories that align with recent knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes interference from other memory issues?

<p>It affects both new and old information differently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory involves the personal experience of events?

<p>Episodic memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of declarative memory includes knowledge of facts and concepts?

<p>Semantic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What memory type involves skills and actions, such as riding a bicycle?

<p>Procedural memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory refers to memories we can consciously try to recall?

<p>Explicit memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the involuntary recall of unwanted memories?

<p>Persistence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory error involves confusing the source of information?

<p>Misattribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'short-term memory' refer to?

<p>Holds about seven bits of information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of organizing information into manageable bits called?

<p>Chunking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which memory type is engaged when recalling information without cues?

<p>Recall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which memory model processes information through sensory, short-term, and long-term memory systems?

<p>Atkinson-Shiffrin model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the creation of a permanent record of information in memory?

<p>Storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the inability to recall information due to blockage?

<p>Blocking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are memory aids that help organize information called?

<p>Mnemonic devices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is characterized by the storage of brief sensory events?

<p>Sensory memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Memory

The ability to remember past events and information.

Encoding

The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Storage

The process of retaining information over time.

Retrieval

The process of accessing stored information.

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Sensory Memory

The initial stage of memory, which briefly holds sensory information.

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Short-Term Memory (STM)

The stage of memory that holds a limited amount of information for a short period of time.

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Long-Term Memory (LTM)

The stage of memory that holds a vast amount of information for a long period of time.

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Rehearsal

The process of repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.

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Forgetting

A memory error that involves forgetting information that was once known.

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Explicit Memory

A type of memory that involves consciously remembering facts and events.

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Procedural Memory

A type of memory that involves remembering how to perform skills.

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Episodic Memory

A type of memory that involves remembering personal experiences.

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Misattribution

A memory error that involves confusing the source of information.

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False Memory

A memory error that involves remembering something that didn't happen.

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Semantic Memory

A type of memory that involves remembering general knowledge and facts.

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Declarative memory

Memories that we can intentionally retrieve and describe, like facts or personal experiences.

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Prompt

A cue or reminder that helps us recall a specific memory.

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Source memory

The ability to recall information based on a specific time and place.

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Familiarity

A sense of familiarity with a specific event or item, without remembering the details.

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Egocentric Bias

The tendency to exaggerate our own role in past events, often making ourselves appear more important or skilled than we actually were.

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Hindsight Bias

The tendency to believe that an event was predictable after it has already happened, even if there was no way to have known the outcome beforehand.

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Interference

The inability to access stored information in our memory due to interference from other information. There are two types: proactive interference and retroactive interference.

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Proactive Interference

When old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.

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Retroactive Interference

When newly learned information hinders the recall of older information.

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Persistence

The involuntary and persistent recall of unwanted memories, often disturbing or traumatic ones.

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Study Notes

Memory as an Information Processing System

  • Memory is a system for encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
  • It's compared to a computer, with encoding as input, storage as retention, and retrieval as output.

Encoding

  • Encoding is the input of information into the memory system.
  • Sensory information is labelled or coded by the brain.
  • Information is organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts.
  • This can be automatic (like recalling lunch) or effortful (studying for a test).

Storage

  • Storage is the creation of a permanent record of encoded information.
  • Information passes through sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.

Retrieval

  • Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information.
  • Recall, recognition, and relearning are the three main retrieval methods.

Types of Encoding

  • Semantic encoding: encoding of meaning of words.
  • Visual encoding: encoding of images.
  • Acoustic encoding: encoding of sounds, especially words.

Types of Long-Term Memory

  • Explicit memory: conscious memories
    • Episodic memory: personal experiences
    • Semantic memory: facts and general knowledge
  • Implicit memory: unconscious memories
    • Procedural memory: skills and habits
    • Priming: prior exposure affects current response
    • Emotional conditioning: associating emotions with stimuli

Factors Affecting Memory

  • Decay: memories weakening over time.
  • Interference: old memories hindering new ones (proactive) or new ones hindering old ones (retroactive).
  • Suggestibility: leading questions or suggestions influencing memories.
  • Misinformation effect: inaccurate information altering memories.
  • Bias: personal beliefs and attitudes impacting memory.

Memory Errors

  • Transience: fade of memories over time.
  • Absentmindedness: lapse in attention leading to forgetting.
  • Blocking: inability to retrieve stored information.
  • Misattribution: confusing the source of a memory.
  • Suggestibility: external cues influencing memories.
  • Bias: personal beliefs skewing memory recall.
  • Persistence: unwanted memories being retained.
  • Intrusion: irrelevant thoughts or memories entering the memory.

Memory-Enhancing Strategies

  • Rehearsal: conscious repetition of information.
  • Chunking: organizing information into meaningful units.
  • Elaborative rehearsal: linking new information to existing knowledge.
  • Self-reference effect: relating information to oneself.
  • Distributed practice: spacing out study sessions.

Memory and the Brain

  • Different brain regions (amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex) play various roles in different types of memory.
  • Neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, acetylcholine) are involved in memory processes.

Amnesia

  • Amnesia: memory loss due to brain injury, disease, or psychological trauma.
  • Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories after the injury.
  • Retrograde amnesia: inability to recall memories prior to the injury.

Everyday Connections

  • Autobiographical memory: personal recollections.
  • Identifying retrieval cues for everyday tasks.

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Related Documents

Chapter 8: Memory PDF

Description

This quiz explores the fundamentals of memory as an information processing system. It covers key concepts like encoding, storage, and retrieval, comparing memory to computer operations. Test your knowledge on different types of encoding and the processes involved in storing and accessing information.

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