Memory and Information Processing

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What model describes memory as consisting of three components?

Multi-Store Model

Which type of memory is characterized by choosiness, chance, and temperamental nature?

Long-Term Memory

What effect refers to the incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event?

Misinformation Effect

Which process involves the strengthening of synaptic connections, leading to the formation of memories?

Long-Term Potentiation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory stores complete information for only a fraction of a second?

Iconic memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated capacity limit of short-term memory for meaningful items?

7 to 9 items Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rehearsal involves simple repetition of information?

Maintenance rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

What does the Peterson and Peterson (1959) study illustrate about short-term memory?

Rapid forgetting of information Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory code may not correspond to the form of the original stimulus?

Phonological Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phonological similarity in recalling word lists?

Leads to confusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of information in short-term memory without rehearsal?

20 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory involves representing information received through the senses?

Sensory memory Signup and view all the answers

What can aid recall in short-term memory by combining individual items into larger units of meaning?

Chunking Signup and view all the answers

What study demonstrates the limited number of meaningful units that can be recalled in short-term memory?

Digit-span test Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory code can take various forms such as visual, phonological, semantic, and motor encoding?

Semantic Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for understanding how the brain represents information received through the senses?

Study of memory codes and their neural mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of visual sensory memory according to George Sperling's 1960 experiment?

A fraction of a second Signup and view all the answers

Which subsystem is responsible for holding visual information in sensory memory?

Iconic store Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of short-term memory?

Holding conscious information at any given time Signup and view all the answers

What did Sperling's method of partial report demonstrate?

More information was available in visual stimuli than initially thought Signup and view all the answers

In Sperling's experiment, what percentage of the letters could participants correctly report using partial report?

75 to 90 percent Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major components of the memory model?

Sensory registers, working memory, and long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory holds information for a very brief time course?

Visual sensory memory Signup and view all the answers

What did Sperling's 1960 experiment assess the duration of?

Visual sensory memory Signup and view all the answers

Which memory subsystem is responsible for auditory information?

Echoic store Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative name for short-term memory?

Working memory Signup and view all the answers

What did Sperling's experiment show about participants' ability to report letters from a brief visual display?

With the right cues, participants could accurately report letters from each row Signup and view all the answers

What did Sperling's work on iconic memory integrate into many memory models?

Sperling's work on iconic memory integrated into many memory models Signup and view all the answers

Which process is more effective in transferring information into long-term memory?

Elaborative rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

In the three-stage model of memory, short-term memory is compared to:

A loading platform Signup and view all the answers

How do many cognitive scientists now view short-term memory?

As working memory Signup and view all the answers

What does working memory function as?

A mental workspace that processes information Signup and view all the answers

What does the prefrontal cortex heavily involve in directing?

The processing of information in working memory Signup and view all the answers

What is long-term memory often compared to?

A vast library of durable stored memories Signup and view all the answers

How does immediate recall of word lists produce a serial position curve?

Showing primacy and recency effects Signup and view all the answers

What does Alan Baddeley's model divide working memory into?

Four components Signup and view all the answers

What does the episodic buffer belong to in Alan Baddeley's model?

Working memory Signup and view all the answers

What supports the distinction between short-term and long-term memory?

Case studies of amnesia victims and laboratory experiments Signup and view all the answers

What is the storage capacity of long-term memory?

Essentially unlimited Signup and view all the answers

What involves associating new information with existing memories or knowledge?

Elaborative rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

What was the main consequence of the surgical removal of most of H.M.'s hippocampus and surrounding brain tissue?

Amnesia and the inability to form new memories Signup and view all the answers

How is the encoding process in memory described?

Akin to translating information into a neural code that the brain can process Signup and view all the answers

According to the three-component model of memory, what are the three major components of memory?

Sensory memory, short-term or 'working' memory, and long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

How is storage in memory described?

Involves retaining information over time, akin to how a computer stores information on a hard drive Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of H.M.'s memory after the surgical removal of most of his hippocampus and surrounding brain tissue?

Ability to discuss events from his childhood, teens, and early 20s, but inability to form new memories Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive revolution in North American psychology associated with?

Introducing the mind as an information-processing system Signup and view all the answers

What is retrieval in memory compared to?

The process of pulling information out of storage when needed, similar to a software command that transfers information from a hard drive to the screen Signup and view all the answers

What is one of Aurelien Hayman's remarkable memory abilities?

Recalling specific details of his life, such as what he had for lunch on a particular date Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of human memory according to the text?

Highly dynamic, and its complexity cannot be fully captured by any existing information-processing model Signup and view all the answers

Who made significant contributions to psychological research on memory in the late 19th century?

Hermann Ebbinghaus and Sir Francis Galton Signup and view all the answers

What does the three-component model of memory propose about the correspondence between components and brain structures?

The model does not assume that each component corresponds to a specific brain structure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory and Information Processing: A Detailed Exploration

Aurelien Hayman, one of about 20 people with superior memory, can recall specific details of his life, such as what he had for lunch on a particular date.
Hayman's memory is like a visual file drawer, accessible only for events he experienced himself.
H.M. had most of his hippocampus and surrounding brain tissue surgically removed in 1953, resulting in amnesia and the inability to form new memories.
H.M. can discuss events from his childhood, teens, and early 20s, but forgets recent experiences and is unable to form new memories.
Psychological research on memory dates back to the late 19th century, with Hermann Ebbinghaus and Sir Francis Galton making significant contributions.
The cognitive revolution in North American psychology introduced the mind as an information-processing system, influencing memory research since the 1960s.
The encoding process in memory is akin to translating information into a neural code that the brain can process, similar to typing on a computer keyboard.
Storage in memory involves retaining information over time, akin to how a computer stores information on a hard drive.
Retrieval in memory is the process of pulling information out of storage when needed, similar to a software command that transfers information from a hard drive to the screen.
Human memory is highly dynamic, and its complexity cannot be fully captured by any existing information-processing model.
The three-component model of memory, proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin, suggests memory has three major components: sensory memory, short-term or "working" memory, and long-term memory.
The model does not assume that each component corresponds to a specific brain structure.

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