Memory and Eyewitness Test Psychology

Memory

• Episodic and semantic memory are forms of declarative memory.
• Declarative memory can be consciously recalled.
• Semantic memory contains general facts and knowledge about the world.
• Episodic memory is autobiographical, containing specific events.
• Conceptual priming refers to faster reaction times to words that have been previously studied.
• Korsakoff's Syndrome is a neurological disorder caused by chronic thiamine deficiency.
• Patients with Korsakoff's Syndrome typically experience anterograde amnesia, meaning impaired ability to create new memories.
• Retrograde amnesia is loss of memories from before a particular event.
• Infantile amnesia refers to the inability of adults to recall memories from early childhood.
• One reason for infantile amnesia is that the brain is still developing during infancy.

Eyewitness Memory

• Simultaneous lineups present all suspects at the same time.
• The relative judgment is used when suspects are presented simultaneously.
• The reminiscence bump refers to enhanced memory for events occurring between late adolescence and early adulthood.
• Misleading information can influence eyewitness memories.
• Source monitoring determines the origin of memories.
• Source monitoring is used to assess whether information was received internally or externally.
• High threat objects can increase memory recall in an unusual context.

Attention

• Attention is a limited resource used to select information for processing.
• The retinotopic map is a representation of visual space in the brain where the dorsal portion of the occipital lobe represents the upper visual field.
• The zoom lens model of attention suggests that attention can shift to broader or narrower regions of space.
• The zoom lens model is an extension of the spotlight model of Visual Attention.
• fMRI studies of perception can be used to predict activation in the retinotopic map.

Consciousness

• Consciousness is the subjective experience of the world.
• Top-down attention is goal-directed, while bottom-up attention is driven by stimuli in the environment.
• The dual task paradigm is used to study the limits of attention.
• Attention can be object-based, meaning that we can focus our attention on a specific object rather than just a location in space.

Problem Solving

• The realization of the solution to an insight problem is preceded by an impasse.
• Chess masters have detailed knowledge about chess positions stored in long-term memory.
• The Tower of Hanoi problem is a classic example of a problem-solving task that requires planning and sequential search

Decision-Making

• Prospect theory's value function shows that losses feel larger than gains.
• Bayes Theorem is a mathematical formula used to update beliefs based on new information.
• The availability heuristic is used to estimate the probability of an event based on the ease with which examples can be recalled from memory.
• Take-the-best heuristics are a class of decision-making strategies that rely on limited information.
• Take-the-best heuristics are typically fast and accurate.

Language Processing

• The uvula is the dingle-dangley thing in the back of your throat.
• The metrical segmentation strategy uses stressed syllables as potential word onsets.
• Transitional probability (TP) refers to the likelihood of a sound following another sound.
• Word boundaries are more likely to occur when there is a drop in TP.
• The edge hypothesis suggests that words heard at the beginning and end of sentences are more likely to be learned.

Reading

• The Japanese hiragana writing system uses symbols to represent syllables.
• A writing system that is consistent in its spelling-to-sound correspondences is considered feedforward consistent.
• Phonological dyslexia is a reading disorder characterized by difficulty reading unfamiliar words and nonwords.
• There are five phonemes in the word "gnome".
• The dual-route cascaded model of reading proposes two routes: one for decoding words based on their spelling-to-sound correspondences, and one for accessing words directly from memory

Cognitive Psychology

• Cognitive psychology is the study of how people think, learn, and remember.
• Cognitive psychologists use a variety of methods to study cognitive processes.
• Cognitive psychology has applications to many different domains.
• Cognitive psychology is a rapidly growing field.