Psychology Chapter on Memory Systems
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What kind of information can profoundly alter eyewitness reports?

  • Neutral questioning techniques
  • Repetitive questioning
  • Misleading information from other sources (correct)
  • Accurate details provided by the witness

A child's testimonial is always reliable regardless of the questioning techniques used.

False (B)

What are the two types of tasks that measure explicit memory?

Recall and recognition tasks

________ memory is influenced by past experiences even if one does not consciously remember the information.

<p>Implicit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of memory with its characteristic:

<p>Explicit Memory = Conscious, intentional recollection Implicit Memory = Unconscious retention of information Recall = Ability to reproduce information Recognition = Ability to identify previously observed information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of questioning is least likely to lead to false memories?

<p>Open-ended questions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recognition tasks are generally more difficult than recall tasks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does rumor and hearsay affect memories in both children and adults?

<p>They promote false beliefs and memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of short-term memory?

<p>To hold information for brief periods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Information in short-term memory can last indefinitely without effort.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does long-term memory differ from short-term memory?

<p>Long-term memory stores information for a few minutes to decades, while short-term memory holds information for brief periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ register momentarily preserves highly accurate images of sensory information.

<p>sensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the Parallel Distributed Processing model?

<p>Connectionist model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the memory system with its characteristic:

<p>Sensory Register = Momentary accuracy of sensory information Short-Term Memory = Limited capacity for brief duration Long-Term Memory = Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse Working Memory = Temporary holding for information retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

The transfer of information from sensory register to short-term memory can result in permanent loss.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents multiple sensory images in the sensory register?

<p>The fleeting nature of incoming sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implicit memory primarily characterized by?

<p>Influences thoughts but does not enter consciousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Episodic memory refers to memories tied to personal experiences.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two subtypes of explicit memory?

<p>Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of middle items is known as the ______.

<p>serial-position effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of memory with their characteristics:

<p>Procedural Memory = Memory for the performance of actions or skills Declarative Memory = Memory of facts and experiences that can be consciously recalled Semantic Memory = Memories of general knowledge and facts Episodic Memory = Memories tied to personal experiences and events</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is characterized by conscious effortful processing?

<p>Explicit Memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Automatic processing requires conscious attention and effort.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory includes general facts and definitions about the world?

<p>Semantic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the enhanced recall of the first few and the last few items in a list?

<p>Serial-position effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primacy effects occur because the last items in a list are rehearsed numerous times.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do calcium and glutamate play in long-term potentiation?

<p>They help make receiving neurons more receptive to signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which a long-term memory becomes stable is called _____

<p>consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Primacy effect = Enhanced recall of initial items in a list Recency effect = Enhanced recall of last items in a list Long-term potentiation = Long-lasting increase in synaptic strength Consolidation = Process of stabilizing a long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily involved in long-term potentiation?

<p>Hippocampus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the changes that occur in neurons during the formation of long-term memories.

<p>There are lasting structural changes in the brain, including strengthened synaptic responses and increased synapse numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memories must remain stable and cannot become unstable again once consolidated.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive levels of glucose in the brain lead to?

<p>Impaired cognitive functioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Norepinephrine may decrease the strength of incoming signals by affecting glutamate receptors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a mnemonic.

<p>Every good boy does fine</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mechanical repetition of material to maintain its availability in memory is called __________.

<p>maintenance rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the memory strategies with their descriptions:

<p>Encoding = Summarizing and converting sensory information into words or images Rehearsal = Reviewing material to enhance retention Mnemonics = Using patterns or associations to recall information Effortful Encoding = Conscious and intentional memorization of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'encoding'?

<p>Summarizing and encoding sensory information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The level of glucose in the brain has no impact on memory and cognitive functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that influences the 'sweet memories' effect?

<p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Sigmund Freud's perspective on traumatic amnesia?

<p>It is a defense mechanism involving repression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most people who have experienced traumatic events can easily forget those experiences.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is childhood amnesia?

<p>The inability to remember events from the first 2 or 3 years of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term used for the involuntary pushing of threatening memories into the unconscious is called __________.

<p>repression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes ethical considerations in recovered memories?

<p>Confabulated memories can feel real but may be distorted. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The earliest memories that individuals can typically recall occur around age __________.

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

<p>Repression = Involuntary pushing of memories into the unconscious Childhood Amnesia = Inability to remember events from the first 2-3 years of life Procedural Memories = Skills learned during early childhood Semantic Memories = Knowledge about objects and meanings acquired early in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

Repression and normal forgetting are easy to distinguish.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Recall

The act of retrieving and reproducing information from memory. For example, filling in the blanks or writing an essay.

Recognition

Identifying information you have previously encountered, such as recognizing a word you've seen before or choosing the correct answer on a multiple-choice test.

Recognition Memory

The ability to identify previously observed information, such as choosing the correct answer on a multiple-choice test. Recognition memories are easier to access than those relying on recall.

Implicit Memory

The effect of previous experience on our thoughts and actions, even if we don't consciously remember the experience. This includes information we don't intentionally try to memorize.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relearning

A method used to measure implicit memory, where previous exposure to information makes it easier to relearn. This is like being able to learn a language faster the second time around.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Priming

A method used to measure implicit memory, where exposure to a stimulus primes us to respond in a certain way. This is like being more likely to use a word you just heard recently.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Explicit Memory

The conscious, purposeful remembering of information or events.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Misinformation Effect

False memories created by misinformation or suggestive questions. This can happen to anyone, but children are especially vulnerable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Serial-position effect

The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Episodic Memory

Memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Semantic Memory

Memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Procedural memories

Memories for the performance of actions or skills ("knowing how").

Signup and view all the flashcards

Declarative memories

Memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events ("knowing that"); they include semantic and episodic memories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Effortful processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Automatic processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A memory system that holds a limited amount of information for a brief time, usually up to 30 seconds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A relatively permanent and limitless memory system that stores information for long periods, from minutes to decades.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Three-Box Model of Memory

A model of memory that proposes information flows sequentially through three distinct stages: sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sensory Register

A brief memory system that captures a very accurate image of sensory information, lasting only a fraction of a second.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stimulus Identification

The process of identifying a stimulus based on existing knowledge in long-term memory, enabling the transfer of information from the sensory register to short-term memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Short-Term Memory (STM) in the Three-Box Model

A limited-capacity memory system that temporarily holds information from long-term memory or from the sensory register for immediate use.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model

A model of memory where knowledge is represented as interconnected units, resembling a vast network, and all units operate simultaneously.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parallel Processing

A model of memory that emphasizes the simultaneous processing of information across multiple brain regions, in contrast to the sequential processing in the three-box model.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Norepinephrine and Glutamate Receptors

Norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter, can increase the strength of signals by affecting glutamate receptors on nerve cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adrenal Hormones and Glucose

Adrenal hormones cause glucose levels to rise in the bloodstream, allowing glucose to easily enter the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucose and Memory Enhancement

Glucose in the brain can enhance memory, either directly or by influencing neurotransmitter effects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucose Overload and Cognition

Excessive glucose can negatively impact cognitive function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucose's 'Sweet Memories' Effect

The effectiveness of glucose in enhancing memory depends on individual metabolism, recent meals, and pre-existing glucose levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Encoding in Memory

The process of converting sensory information into a format that can be stored and retrieved.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rehearsal in Memory

The repeated review or practice of material during learning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maintenance Rehearsal

Rote repetition of material to maintain its availability in memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primacy Effect

The improved recall of items presented at the beginning of a list, due to greater rehearsal and encoding in long-term memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recency Effect

The improved recall of items presented at the end of a list, due to their presence in short-term memory at the time of recall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Memory Consolidation

The process by which memories become durable and relatively stable over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A long-lasting strengthening of synaptic responsiveness, believed to be a biological mechanism for long-term memory formation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Calcium and Glutamate's Role in LTP

The role of calcium and the neurotransmitter glutamate in LTP, causing receiving neurons in the hippocampus to become more receptive to subsequent signals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Structural Changes in LTP

Changes in neuron structure during LTP, involving dendrite growth, branching, and increased synapse number.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Memory Reconsolidation

The ability of previously stored memories to become unstable again when retrieved, requiring re-consolidation to become stable once more.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Repression

The idea that the mind defends itself from traumatic experiences by involuntarily pushing disturbing memories into the unconscious.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Childhood Amnesia

The tendency to remember very few, if any, events from the first few years of life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Infantile Amnesia

The inability to recall specific events and experiences from early childhood, typically before the age of 2 or 3.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Traumatic Amnesia

The belief that traumatic experiences are often repressed, leading to amnesia for the event. This is a controversial claim that lacks consistent empirical support.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Confabulation

A process where memories are unintentionally distorted or fabricated over time, often due to the influence of suggestions or other external factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reluctance to Remember

The conscious effort to avoid thinking about or retrieving unpleasant memories. This is different from involuntary amnesia or repressed memories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

What Is Memory?

  • Memory is the capacity to preserve and recover information.
  • It involves the persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval.
  • Psychology studies encoding (how info is placed into memory), storage (how it's retained), and retrieval (how it's recovered).

What Happens When You Remove the Hippocampus?

  • Memory is a reconstructive process.
  • Memory is selective.
  • British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett (1932) noted memory is reconstructive.
  • Simple information may be reproduced through repetition.
  • Complex information can be distorted by prior knowledge and beliefs.

Source Misattribution

  • An inability to distinguish a real memory from learned information about an event
  • Example: confusing a birthday party memory with a recalled description

Flashbulb Memory

  • Vivid, clear memory of an emotionally significant event.

The Conditions of Confabulation

  • Confusion of someone else's event with one's own.
  • Believing you remember something that never happened.

The Eyewitness on Trial

  • Eyewitness testimony is susceptible to errors.
  • Misidentification of perpetrators based on ethnicity, not distinct characteristics.
  • Memories are influenced by the questions put, and suggestive comments during interviews/interrogations.
  • Misleading information alters witness accounts of events.
  • A single witness's testimony is powerful.

Children's Testimony

  • Children may give false reports when interviewers strongly believe in abuse and use suggestive techniques.

Measuring Memory

  • Explicit Memory - conscious, intentional recollection of an event or information.
  • Implicit Memory - information from the past influences thoughts and actions without conscious awareness.

Methods of Measurement (implicit)

  • Priming: measuring implicit memory by testing if past information influences later performance.
  • Relearning: measuring retention by comparing time spent learning something to relearning it. -Recognition is easier than recall.

Models of Memory

  • The three-box model of memory is similar to a computer's processes.
  • Encoding - converting information into a form the brain can process.

Storage

  • The retention of encoded information.
  • Information is stored as concepts, propositions, images, schemas, mental networks, and beliefs.
  • Memory stored in: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), long-term memory (LTM).
  • The sensory register briefly stores sensory information, while STM (working memory) temporarily holds information, and LTM stores information for longer durations.

The Sensory Register

  • A memory system that briefly preserves exceptionally accurate images of sensory information.
  • A storage component that does not require processing; it holds incoming information.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

  • A limited capacity system used for temporarily holding information, or when info from long-term memory needs to be used.
  • Information retrieved from LTM can temporarily be held in STM.
  • Capacity limited to approximately 7 ± 2 items (i.e., a “magical number 7”).

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

  • A relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory.
  • Long Term Memory - Accounts for long-term storage.
  • Information that will be needed for extended periods is transferred to LTM.

Organization in Long-Term Memory

  • Semantic: categorizing objects into categories.
  • Semantic networks: concepts linked to related concepts.

The Contents of Long-Term Memory

  • Procedural Memory : Knowing how to perform skills or actions.
  • Implicit Memory: Information that does not enter conscious awareness but affects behavior.
  • Declarative Memory: Memories of facts, rules, concepts. including episodic and semantic memories
  • Episodic Memory: Memories tied to personal experiences.
  • Semantic Memory: Memories of general knowledge.

Serial-position effect

  • Tendency to recall first and last items better than middle items.
  • Primacy effect: remembering the first items better
  • Recency effect: remembering the last items better

The Biology of Memory

  • Long-term potentiation (LTP) - the strengthening of synaptic connections.
  • Consolidation - process that makes memories durable and stable.
  • Sleep plays a role in ensuring consolidation.
  • Memories are not stored in a single location in the brain.

Hormones, Emotion, and Memory

  • Hormones (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine) can enhance memory.
  • High levels of arousal can hurt memory.

How We Remember

  • Encoding: transforming info into a usable mental form.
  • Rehearsal: the review or practice of learned material.
  • Retrieval: getting info out of memory.
  • Mnemonics: Strategies and tricks to improve memory, like rhymes or formulas.

Why We Forget

  • Mechanisms of forgetting: Decay, replacement, interference, cue-dependent forgetting
  • Decay (info fades over time), replacement (new info erases old), interference (info blocks recall), and cue-dependent forgetting (lack of appropriate cues).
  • Retroactive interference: new learning interferes with remembering old information.
  • Proactive interference: old learning interferes with remembering new information.

Cue-Dependent Forgetting

  • Inability to recall info due to insufficient cues.
  • Cues (things that help you recall), were present at encoding and retrieval.
  • Mood-congruent memory: remembering experiences that match current emotions.
  • State-dependent memory: better recall when in the same internal or external state as encoding.

Amnesia

  • Partial or complete loss of memory.
  • Repression : Involuntary pushing threatening thoughts to the unconscious.

Childhood Amnesia

  • Inability to recall early life experiences.
  • Reasons for childhood amnesia include brain development, cognitive development, and social development.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

PSY 101 Topic 5 - Memory PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on various aspects of memory systems and eyewitness reports in psychology. This quiz covers topics such as explicit memory, the reliability of eyewitness testimonies, and the characteristics of short-term and long-term memory. Challenge yourself to understand how memories can be influenced and the roles different types of memory play.

More Like This

Memory Systems Quiz
5 questions

Memory Systems Quiz

PositiveRainbowObsidian avatar
PositiveRainbowObsidian
Memory Systems Quiz
5 questions

Memory Systems Quiz

RapturousPeridot avatar
RapturousPeridot
Eyewitness Testimony: Loftus and Palmer Study
17 questions

Eyewitness Testimony: Loftus and Palmer Study

DazzledMarigold avatar
DazzledMarigold
Memory Systems Quiz
59 questions

Memory Systems Quiz

MiraculousBildungsroman4805 avatar
MiraculousBildungsroman4805
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser