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Questions and Answers
What kind of information can profoundly alter eyewitness reports?
What kind of information can profoundly alter eyewitness reports?
A child's testimonial is always reliable regardless of the questioning techniques used.
A child's testimonial is always reliable regardless of the questioning techniques used.
False
What are the two types of tasks that measure explicit memory?
What are the two types of tasks that measure explicit memory?
Recall and recognition tasks
________ memory is influenced by past experiences even if one does not consciously remember the information.
________ memory is influenced by past experiences even if one does not consciously remember the information.
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Match the type of memory with its characteristic:
Match the type of memory with its characteristic:
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Which type of questioning is least likely to lead to false memories?
Which type of questioning is least likely to lead to false memories?
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Recognition tasks are generally more difficult than recall tasks.
Recognition tasks are generally more difficult than recall tasks.
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How does rumor and hearsay affect memories in both children and adults?
How does rumor and hearsay affect memories in both children and adults?
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What is the primary function of short-term memory?
What is the primary function of short-term memory?
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Information in short-term memory can last indefinitely without effort.
Information in short-term memory can last indefinitely without effort.
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How does long-term memory differ from short-term memory?
How does long-term memory differ from short-term memory?
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The _____ register momentarily preserves highly accurate images of sensory information.
The _____ register momentarily preserves highly accurate images of sensory information.
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What is another name for the Parallel Distributed Processing model?
What is another name for the Parallel Distributed Processing model?
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Match the memory system with its characteristic:
Match the memory system with its characteristic:
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The transfer of information from sensory register to short-term memory can result in permanent loss.
The transfer of information from sensory register to short-term memory can result in permanent loss.
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What prevents multiple sensory images in the sensory register?
What prevents multiple sensory images in the sensory register?
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What is implicit memory primarily characterized by?
What is implicit memory primarily characterized by?
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Episodic memory refers to memories tied to personal experiences.
Episodic memory refers to memories tied to personal experiences.
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What are the two subtypes of explicit memory?
What are the two subtypes of explicit memory?
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The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of middle items is known as the ______.
The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of middle items is known as the ______.
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Match the following types of memory with their characteristics:
Match the following types of memory with their characteristics:
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Which type of memory is characterized by conscious effortful processing?
Which type of memory is characterized by conscious effortful processing?
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Automatic processing requires conscious attention and effort.
Automatic processing requires conscious attention and effort.
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What type of memory includes general facts and definitions about the world?
What type of memory includes general facts and definitions about the world?
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What is the term for the enhanced recall of the first few and the last few items in a list?
What is the term for the enhanced recall of the first few and the last few items in a list?
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Primacy effects occur because the last items in a list are rehearsed numerous times.
Primacy effects occur because the last items in a list are rehearsed numerous times.
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What role do calcium and glutamate play in long-term potentiation?
What role do calcium and glutamate play in long-term potentiation?
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The process by which a long-term memory becomes stable is called _____
The process by which a long-term memory becomes stable is called _____
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which area of the brain is primarily involved in long-term potentiation?
Which area of the brain is primarily involved in long-term potentiation?
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Describe the changes that occur in neurons during the formation of long-term memories.
Describe the changes that occur in neurons during the formation of long-term memories.
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Memories must remain stable and cannot become unstable again once consolidated.
Memories must remain stable and cannot become unstable again once consolidated.
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What can excessive levels of glucose in the brain lead to?
What can excessive levels of glucose in the brain lead to?
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Norepinephrine may decrease the strength of incoming signals by affecting glutamate receptors.
Norepinephrine may decrease the strength of incoming signals by affecting glutamate receptors.
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Give an example of a mnemonic.
Give an example of a mnemonic.
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The mechanical repetition of material to maintain its availability in memory is called __________.
The mechanical repetition of material to maintain its availability in memory is called __________.
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Match the memory strategies with their descriptions:
Match the memory strategies with their descriptions:
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Which of the following best describes 'encoding'?
Which of the following best describes 'encoding'?
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The level of glucose in the brain has no impact on memory and cognitive functions.
The level of glucose in the brain has no impact on memory and cognitive functions.
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What is one factor that influences the 'sweet memories' effect?
What is one factor that influences the 'sweet memories' effect?
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What was Sigmund Freud's perspective on traumatic amnesia?
What was Sigmund Freud's perspective on traumatic amnesia?
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Most people who have experienced traumatic events can easily forget those experiences.
Most people who have experienced traumatic events can easily forget those experiences.
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What is childhood amnesia?
What is childhood amnesia?
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The term used for the involuntary pushing of threatening memories into the unconscious is called __________.
The term used for the involuntary pushing of threatening memories into the unconscious is called __________.
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Which of the following best describes ethical considerations in recovered memories?
Which of the following best describes ethical considerations in recovered memories?
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The earliest memories that individuals can typically recall occur around age __________.
The earliest memories that individuals can typically recall occur around age __________.
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Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
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Repression and normal forgetting are easy to distinguish.
Repression and normal forgetting are easy to distinguish.
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Study Notes
What Is Memory?
- Memory is the capacity to preserve and recover information.
- It involves the persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval.
- Psychology studies encoding (how info is placed into memory), storage (how it's retained), and retrieval (how it's recovered).
What Happens When You Remove the Hippocampus?
- Memory is a reconstructive process.
- Memory is selective.
- British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett (1932) noted memory is reconstructive.
- Simple information may be reproduced through repetition.
- Complex information can be distorted by prior knowledge and beliefs.
Source Misattribution
- An inability to distinguish a real memory from learned information about an event
- Example: confusing a birthday party memory with a recalled description
Flashbulb Memory
- Vivid, clear memory of an emotionally significant event.
The Conditions of Confabulation
- Confusion of someone else's event with one's own.
- Believing you remember something that never happened.
The Eyewitness on Trial
- Eyewitness testimony is susceptible to errors.
- Misidentification of perpetrators based on ethnicity, not distinct characteristics.
- Memories are influenced by the questions put, and suggestive comments during interviews/interrogations.
- Misleading information alters witness accounts of events.
- A single witness's testimony is powerful.
Children's Testimony
- Children may give false reports when interviewers strongly believe in abuse and use suggestive techniques.
Measuring Memory
- Explicit Memory - conscious, intentional recollection of an event or information.
- Implicit Memory - information from the past influences thoughts and actions without conscious awareness.
Methods of Measurement (implicit)
- Priming: measuring implicit memory by testing if past information influences later performance.
- Relearning: measuring retention by comparing time spent learning something to relearning it. -Recognition is easier than recall.
Models of Memory
- The three-box model of memory is similar to a computer's processes.
- Encoding - converting information into a form the brain can process.
Storage
- The retention of encoded information.
- Information is stored as concepts, propositions, images, schemas, mental networks, and beliefs.
- Memory stored in: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), long-term memory (LTM).
- The sensory register briefly stores sensory information, while STM (working memory) temporarily holds information, and LTM stores information for longer durations.
The Sensory Register
- A memory system that briefly preserves exceptionally accurate images of sensory information.
- A storage component that does not require processing; it holds incoming information.
Short-Term Memory (STM)
- A limited capacity system used for temporarily holding information, or when info from long-term memory needs to be used.
- Information retrieved from LTM can temporarily be held in STM.
- Capacity limited to approximately 7 ± 2 items (i.e., a “magical number 7”).
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- A relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory.
- Long Term Memory - Accounts for long-term storage.
- Information that will be needed for extended periods is transferred to LTM.
Organization in Long-Term Memory
- Semantic: categorizing objects into categories.
- Semantic networks: concepts linked to related concepts.
The Contents of Long-Term Memory
- Procedural Memory : Knowing how to perform skills or actions.
- Implicit Memory: Information that does not enter conscious awareness but affects behavior.
- Declarative Memory: Memories of facts, rules, concepts. including episodic and semantic memories
- Episodic Memory: Memories tied to personal experiences.
- Semantic Memory: Memories of general knowledge.
Serial-position effect
- Tendency to recall first and last items better than middle items.
- Primacy effect: remembering the first items better
- Recency effect: remembering the last items better
The Biology of Memory
- Long-term potentiation (LTP) - the strengthening of synaptic connections.
- Consolidation - process that makes memories durable and stable.
- Sleep plays a role in ensuring consolidation.
- Memories are not stored in a single location in the brain.
Hormones, Emotion, and Memory
- Hormones (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine) can enhance memory.
- High levels of arousal can hurt memory.
How We Remember
- Encoding: transforming info into a usable mental form.
- Rehearsal: the review or practice of learned material.
- Retrieval: getting info out of memory.
- Mnemonics: Strategies and tricks to improve memory, like rhymes or formulas.
Why We Forget
- Mechanisms of forgetting: Decay, replacement, interference, cue-dependent forgetting
- Decay (info fades over time), replacement (new info erases old), interference (info blocks recall), and cue-dependent forgetting (lack of appropriate cues).
- Retroactive interference: new learning interferes with remembering old information.
- Proactive interference: old learning interferes with remembering new information.
Cue-Dependent Forgetting
- Inability to recall info due to insufficient cues.
- Cues (things that help you recall), were present at encoding and retrieval.
- Mood-congruent memory: remembering experiences that match current emotions.
- State-dependent memory: better recall when in the same internal or external state as encoding.
Amnesia
- Partial or complete loss of memory.
- Repression : Involuntary pushing threatening thoughts to the unconscious.
Childhood Amnesia
- Inability to recall early life experiences.
- Reasons for childhood amnesia include brain development, cognitive development, and social development.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various aspects of memory systems and eyewitness reports in psychology. This quiz covers topics such as explicit memory, the reliability of eyewitness testimonies, and the characteristics of short-term and long-term memory. Challenge yourself to understand how memories can be influenced and the roles different types of memory play.
