Memory and Cognitive Load Quiz

Which of the following is a cognitive learning principle that can be used in instructional design?

What is social learning?

Why is metacognition important in learning?

Which of the following is NOT one of the three domains of memory?

What is the term used to describe the process of converting information into a relatable concept that is stored in the brain?

Which type of motivation is driven by something from the outside?

What is the term used to describe the effect where extrinsic motivators can make an activity less intrinsically motivating?

Which of the following is NOT a component of metacognition?

What is the meaning of metacognition?

According to the text, what are the two key elements of metacognition?

What is one way that TD professionals can increase learning effectiveness?

According to the Yerkes and Dodson Law, what is the relationship between stress and performance?

What is the role of questions in learning retention?

What is the difference between practice and rehearsal?

What is the key goal of the learning experience?

According to the text, what is social learning theory?

What impact does lack of deep sleep have on learning ability?

How do emotions affect learning?

What does Allan Paivo's dual encoding theory suggest?

TD professionals should be skilled in applying ________ to better understand how people learn.

Break content into chunks so it doesn't overload the working memory. Use both visual and verbal elements (______ encoding theory) for descriptions.

Give learners opportunities to activate their own memories to make sense of new information. Allow time to reflect, discuss, and manipulate the ________.

According to the text, memory is the process used to acquire, retain, and retrieve ______.

Storage is how the brain places new ______ into memory.

Retrieval, sometimes called recall, is how the brain accesses ______ that has been encoded and stored.

Extrinsic motivation causes a learner to engage in an activity or change behavior, because it is driven by something from the ______.

TD professionals can increase learning effectiveness by helping people understand the way they ______

Metacognition is made up of two key elements: knowledge of cognition and regulation of ______

A key part of metacognition involves being ______ about one's own ability

Allowing learners to understand metacognition and the strategies that support it is not just useful for them. TD professionals should also be professional ______

TD professionals can help learners improve their performance by introducing a moderate amount of ______ into the learning experience.

The Yerkes and Dodson Law shows that a limited amount of ______ leads to better performance, but then performance decreases once it exceeds a certain point.

Too much ______ can inhibit the production of long-term memory and learning, leading to the fight or flight mode.

Practice is critical to developing expertise, which can take thousands of hours, and involves the process of retrieval from long-term memory and processing it in the working memory where the learner organizes it before transferring it back to the long-term memory.

According to Albert Bandura, social learning theory is sometimes viewed as complementary to both behaviorism and cognitivism. The theory demonstrates how ______ by facilitators and others helps learners succeed with new behaviors or by replacing existing ones. The application for TD professionals is that they can design experiences to enable them to model ideal behavior in learning experiences and in the workplace. When done with intent by establishing rules that encourage learning, social learning enhances the organization's culture and fosters collaboration. People need to believe that they're part of a group, which includes supporting others and being supported in their learning efforts. Social learning can be supported for virtual employees or those in other locations with videos, computers, webcams, and smartphones. As TD professionals consider the opportunities to enhance learning, they should determine how it fits in their employees’ everyday work life and how they can take learning to where the work exists.

It's easy to think of learning as merely the exercise of activating memories from the long-term memory with new visual and auditory stimulus and then processing them in the working memory to form new or more refined schemata. But learning is also a ______ process that takes place at synapses where brain cells communicate and they can be observed through brain imaging. As such the brain can be affected by things like sleep, emotions, stress, and diet: Sleep has a significant impact on learning ability. Lack of deep sleep affects people's ability to learn and perform by leading to poor memory formation, negative moods, poor abstraction, lack of ability to make judgments, and poor perception. Disrupted deep sleep has also been shown to inhibit neuroplasticity. Good sleep, on the other hand, leads to better memory consolidation after a learning experience, better moods, and overall a better ability to learn. A learner's emotions can affect learning, especially attention levels and motivation. Emotions have been described as “relay stations between sensory input and thinking”. Anxiety, anger, and frustration affect a learner's ability to focus their cognitive processes. Negative stress has been shown to limit learning. However, not all stress is bad; moderate emotional arousal has been shown to promote memory formation. It's only when stress levels become too high that learning is inhibited. Studies show that diet can affect the learning process. Although there are various views on what foods support brain function, there is little disagreement over the effect of alcohol. The consumption of alcohol leads to short-term memory loss and sometimes loss of control of physical functions. In summary, effective learning is more than just designing a good lesson plan or facilitating an engaging learning experience. Success also depends on the learner's ______ factors, which affect things like processing, memory consolidation, and motivation.

Allan Paivo's ______ encoding theory suggests that auditory and visual processing are two distinct systems within the working memory. Encoding is the process of entering information into the memory and is the first stage of the memory process. After information reaches the senses as stimuli, encoding allows the brain to change it so the information can enter the memory. Encoding occurs both automatically (unconsciously) and through specific effortful processing (when the observer or the listener consciously tries to remember information). As the information enters the sensory memory it changes into a form that can be stored. It can be encoded or changed as a visual, sound, or meaning.

Effective learning is more than just designing a good lesson plan or facilitating an engaging learning experience. Success also depends on the learner's physiological factors, which affect things like processing, ______ consolidation, and motivation. TD professionals should determine what they can do to maximize learning outcomes. Whether it's how to enhance ______, understand what motivates learners, or determine the role that the appropriate level of stress plays in learning, they will be better equipped to achieve the outcomes they desire.

TD professionals should be skilled in applying cognitive science to better understand how people learn.

Social learning is the continuous process of learning from other people.

Extrinsic motivation causes a learner to engage in an activity or change behavior, because it is driven by something from the outside.

True or false: Memory is the process used to acquire, retain, and retrieve information?

True or false: Extrinsic motivation causes a learner to engage in an activity or change behavior, because it is driven by something from the outside?

True or false: Retrieval is how the brain accesses information that has been encoded and stored?

True or false: Intrinsic motivation causes a learner to engage in a behavior because it is internally driven?

According to Albert Bandura, social learning theory is sometimes viewed as complementary to both behaviorism and cognitivism.

Effective learning is more than just designing a good lesson plan or facilitating an engaging learning experience.

Allan Paivo's dual encoding theory suggests that auditory and visual processing are two distinct systems within the working memory.

Lack of deep sleep affects people's ability to learn and perform by leading to poor memory formation, negative moods, poor abstraction, lack of ability to make judgments, and poor perception.

True or false: According to the Yerkes and Dodson Law, an excessive amount of stress leads to better performance.

True or false: Practice and rehearsal are two terms used interchangeably to describe the cognitive or physical run-through of a skill or task.

True or false: Questions can improve retention by prompting learners to draw on their existing memories and by honoring their opinions and ideas.

True or false: Too much stress can inhibit the production of long-term memory and learning.

True or false: When facilitated well, all members of a group will be engaged, and the facilitator can slowly withdraw and use the group's energy to sustain the learning conversation.

True or false: Metacognition involves knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition.

True or false: People with lower levels of competency often underestimate their competency level.

True or false: TD professionals should only focus on helping learners understand metacognition, not applying it themselves.