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Questions and Answers
Which type of memory involves unconscious influence on thoughts and actions?
What is the primary function of encoding in the memory process?
What is the purpose of the relearning method in measuring implicit memory?
What is the term for the process of remembering something without hints or choices?
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What is a result of the selective and reconstructive nature of memory?
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What is the primary function of short-term memory?
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What type of memory involves remembering how to perform actions or skills?
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According to the stage model of memory, what happens to information that is not transferred to short-term memory?
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What is the main difference between episodic memory and semantic memory?
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How does cultural environment influence early memory?
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Study Notes
Memory Definition and Process
- Memory is the ability to store and recall information, enabled by complex cognitive structures within the brain.
- It is selective and reconstructive, meaning we store essential aspects of experiences and not every detail.
- Memory involves three fundamental processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Encoding
- Encoding transforms sensory information into a format the brain can store.
Storage
- Storage maintains information over time, varying in duration based on importance.
Retrieval
- Retrieval accesses stored memories for conscious use, enabling recall and application of past experiences.
Types of Memory
Explicit Memory
- Explicit memory involves conscious, intentional recollection of events or information.
- Measured by: recall and recognition.
Implicit Memory
- Implicit memory is when past experiences or information unconsciously influence how we think or act without realizing it.
- Measured by: priming and the relearning method.
Stage Model of Memory
- Information moves through different memory stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Sensory Memory
- Briefly registers a large amount of environmental information.
Short-term Memory
- Temporarily holds information actively in conscious awareness for about 30 seconds.
- Uses techniques like rehearsal to keep information longer.
Long-term Memory
- Stores information for extended periods, possibly for a lifetime.
- Divided into two main parts: procedural memory and declarative memory.
Procedural Memory
- Involves remembering how to perform actions or skills, often called "knowing how."
Declarative Memory
- Involves conscious awareness and the ability to recollect information or knowledge consciously.
- Divided into two types: episodic memory and semantic memory.
Episodic Memory
- Recalls specific events or episodes from your past.
Semantic Memory
- Knowledge of facts, concepts, and general information unrelated to a specific event.
Cultural Influences on Early Memory
- Our cultural environment plays a significant role in shaping how we perceive and recall our memories, especially when we are little.
- In American culture, memories are often specific, focusing on individual experiences.
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Description
Understand how our brain stores and recalls information, including the selective and reconstructive nature of memory and how it can lead to errors or false memories.
