Meiosis Unit Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What does 'homologous' refer to?

  • One set of chromosomes
  • Two sets of chromosomes; each chromosome from male has a corresponding chromosome from female (correct)
  • Only in haploid cells
  • Cells without genetic material

    • What does 'diploid' mean?

    Two sets of chromosomes

    What are other names for diploid?

    Body cells, somatic

    What does 'haploid' refer to?

    <p>One set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are other names for haploid?

    <p>Sex cells, gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meiosis?

    <p>A process where the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis is ______ to ______ (haploid, diploid)

    <p>2 diploid to 4 haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a tetrad?

    <p>A pair of chromosomes that contains 4 chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chromatid?

    <p>One half of a chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crossing-over?

    <p>A process where the chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a zygote?

    <p>A fertilized egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sets of genes are found in most adult organisms?

    <p>2 complete sets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does '2N' represent?

    <p>The number of diploid chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'N' represent?

    <p>The number of haploid chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What events occur during prophase I?

    <p>Replicated chromosomes pair with homologous counterparts; spindle forms; nuclear membrane starts to dissolve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What events occur during metaphase I?

    <p>Paired homologous chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What events occur during anaphase I?

    <p>Spindle fibers pull homologous chromosomes towards opposite ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in telophase I/cytokinesis?

    <p>Nuclear membrane forms around chromosome clusters; cytokinesis creates 2 new cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during prophase II?

    <p>Chromosomes become visible; centrioles duplicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during metaphase II?

    <p>Sister chromatids move to the cell equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during anaphase II?

    <p>Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during telophase II?

    <p>Nuclear membrane reforms; DNA unwinds; cell membrane begins pinching inward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during cytokinesis after telophase II?

    <p>Cell membrane finishes pinching and forms four haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is meiosis different from mitosis?

    <p>Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells, while mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of meiosis?

    <p>To increase genetic variation and produce haploid gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of cell does meiosis start with and end with?

    <p>Starts with diploid, ends with haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cells does meiosis start with and end with?

    <p>Starts with 2 diploid, ends with 4 haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis happen in the body?

    <p>Reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the cells made compare to the original cell?

    <p>They have half the genetic material of the original parent cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some similarities between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Both replicate DNA, are processes of reproduction, and involve cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Mitosis produces 2 identical diploid cells; meiosis produces 4 different haploid cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many usable cells are created in meiosis for males and females?

    <p>Males: 4 usable, Females: 1 usable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the names of the cells created in males and females?

    <p>Male: Sperm, Female: Egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does meiosis happen for males?

    <p>Constantly; they do not run out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does meiosis happen for females?

    <p>Once a month; eggs will eventually run out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there a difference between males' and females' meiosis?

    <p>Males require constant sperm production, while females only need one egg per cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haploid cells are _____ cells/gametes.

    <p>Sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diploid cells are _____ cells/somatic.

    <p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process makes diploid cells?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process makes haploid cells?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean to be a homologous pair of chromosomes?

    <p>Chromosomes with the same traits but different alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chromosomes in a homologous pair are similar but not identical-what's the same? What's different?

    <p>They are coded for the same trait but have different alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes up a tetrad?

    <p>Two homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do tetrads form?

    <p>During prophase I of meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tetrads have to do with homologous pairs of chromosomes?

    <p>They consist of homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The word tetrad comes from the root 'tetra' meaning 'four'; what does the 4 have to do with tetrads?

    <p>Four chromatids make up a tetrad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of crossing over?

    <p>It creates a new and unique combination of genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does crossing over occur?

    <p>It occurs in prophase I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Terms and Definitions

    • Homologous: Sets of chromosomes where each chromosome from one parent corresponds to one from the other parent.
    • Diploid: Cells containing two sets of homologous chromosomes; also referred to as body cells or somatic cells.
    • Haploid: Cells with one set of chromosomes, known as sex cells or gametes.
    • Meiosis: Cell division process reducing the chromosome number by half, producing haploid cells from diploid cells.
    • Zygote: The fertilized egg resulting from the fusion of sperm and egg cells.

    Meiosis Process

    • Begins with a diploid cell and results in four haploid cells.
    • Consists of two rounds of division: Meiosis I and Meiosis II, separating homologous chromosomes and then sister chromatids.

    Key Stages of Meiosis

    • Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up, forming tetrads; crossing over occurs.
    • Metaphase I: Homologous pairs line up at the cell equator, spindle fibers attach to centromeres.
    • Anaphase I: Spindle fibers pull homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.
    • Telophase I/Cytokinesis: Nuclear membranes form around each cluster of chromosomes; two new cells are created.
    • Prophase II: Chromosomes become visible again; centrioles replicate.
    • Metaphase II: Sister chromatids align along the equator; centromeres attach to spindle fibers.
    • Anaphase II: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
    • Telophase II: Nuclear membranes reform, resulting in the division of the cytoplasm and yielding four haploid daughter cells.

    Genetic Outcomes and Comparisons

    • Meiosis increases genetic variation through processes like crossing over.
    • Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells; meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells.
    • Male meiosis results in four usable sperm cells, while female meiosis typically results in one usable egg cell due to unequal cytokinesis.

    Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis

    • Meiosis occurs in sex cells for reproduction while mitosis occurs in body cells for growth and repair.
    • Meiosis includes two divisions and results in haploid cells, while mitosis results in diploid cells.

    Tetrads and Crossing Over

    • Tetrads consist of two homologous chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids, forming during prophase I.
    • Crossing over occurs during prophase I, contributing to genetic diversity by exchanging segments between homologous chromosomes.

    Additional Facts

    • Diploid chromosome number is represented as 2N, while haploid as N.
    • Meiosis occurs in reproductive organs, necessary for gamete formation.
    • The difference in meiotic processes between males and females is driven by reproductive strategies: males produce continuously, whereas females have a finite number of eggs.

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    Test your understanding of key terms related to meiosis with these flashcards. Each card includes a terminology definition that will help solidify your knowledge on concepts such as homologous chromosomes and diploid cells.

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