Cell Biology and Genetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Why is each new embryo genetically unique?

Crossing over during meiosis creates new gene combinations.

What type of cells does meiosis produce?

Haploid cells (gametes)

What is recombination AKA crossing over in Prophase I?

Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material, increasing genetic variation.

What is the difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote?

<p>Eukaryotes have a nucleus and are larger, while prokaryotes lack a nucleus and are smaller. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the three domains of life?

<p>Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms belong to the domain Eukarya?

<p>Eukaryotic organisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mnemonic for remembering metric conversions?

<p>King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nucleus of a cell responsible for?

<p>Growth and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mitochondria known for?

<p>Energy production through respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ribosomes?

<p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes?

<p>Digesting waste and cellular debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the Golgi body?

<p>Modifying, packaging, and transporting proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Synthesis of lipids (fats)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytoplasm?

<p>A jellylike fluid inside the cell where organelles are suspended</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell wall and where is it found?

<p>A rigid layer of nonliving material surrounding the cell, found in plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell membrane?

<p>Regulating what enters and leaves the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe common ancestry.

<p>A similarity in genes or characteristics between organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is natural selection?

<p>A process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a species?

<p>A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is coevolution?

<p>The process where two species evolve in response to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe parasitism.

<p>A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is predation?

<p>A relationship where one organism (the predator) hunts and eats another (the prey).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe mutualism.

<p>Both organisms benefit from the relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe commensalism.

<p>One organism benefits, and the other is neither harmed nor helped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that contribute to antibiotics becoming ineffective?

<p>Improper use, bacterial evolution, and over-prescription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pyramid of energy show?

<p>The transfer of energy through trophic levels, with producers at the bottom and tertiary consumers at the top.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are autotrophs?

<p>Organisms that can produce their own food, typically through photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are carnivores?

<p>Organisms that eat only animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are scavengers?

<p>Organisms that eat dead organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are decomposers?

<p>Organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is taxonomy?

<p>The science of classifying organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mnemonic for remembering the classification levels in taxonomy?

<p>Dumb Kids Playing Catch On Freeways Get Squished</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is binomial nomenclature?

<p>A system of naming organisms using two terms—the genus and species name.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which taxonomic level is the broadest, encompassing the largest number of organisms?

<p>Domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which taxonomic level is the most specific and includes the smallest number of organisms?

<p>Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sexual reproduction?

<p>Reproduction that involves the fusion of two gametes (sperm and egg) to produce offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe gradualism in the context of evolution.

<p>A model of evolution where change occurs slowly and steadily over long periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is punctuated equilibrium in the context of evolution?

<p>A model of evolution where change occurs in rapid bursts, followed by long periods of stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these features are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

<p>Cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features are found in animal cells but not in plant cells?

<p>Only a cell membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell does not have a nucleus?

<p>Prokaryotic cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are density-dependent factors?

<p>Environmental influences that are affected by a population's size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are abiotic factors?

<p>Nonliving factors in an ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

<p>CO2 + H2O + light energy -&gt; C6H12O6 + O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where in the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

<p>Within the thylakoid membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the light-independent reactions?

<p>Calvin cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>Light absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

What set of reactions take place within the thylakoids?

<p>Light dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

<p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of graphs are commonly used in biology?

<p>Line graphs, bar graphs, and pie charts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the independent variable on a graph?

<p>The variable that is controlled or changed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (R-value) measure?

<p>The strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a strong positive R-value indicate?

<p>A strong positive relationship between two variables, meaning as one variable increases, the other also increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of strong positive and negative R-values?

<p>R ≈ +0.75 to +1.0 and R ≈ -0.75 to -1.0 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is total magnification calculated on a microscope?

<p>Total magnification = Eyepiece magnification × Objective magnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, creating new gene combinations and increasing genetic diversity.

What type of cells does meiosis produce?

It produces haploid cells (gametes), which have half the chromosome number of the parent cell.

What is recombination AKA crossing over?

Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material, increasing genetic variation.

Difference between eukaryote and prokaryote

Eukaryotes have a nucleus and are larger, while prokaryotes lack a nucleus and are smaller.

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What are the different domains?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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What organisms go in each domain?

Eukarya = Eukaryotic organisms Bacteria and Archea = Prokaryotic

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Metric conversion

King henry died by drinking chocolate milk

Kilo Hecto Deca (Base Unit) Deci Centi Milli

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Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction.

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Mitochondria

The energy-producing organelles in cells, responsible for respiration and energy production.

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Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis.

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Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes.

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Golgi body

The Golgi body modifies, packages, and transports proteins within and outside the cell.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Creates lipids or fat.

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Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.

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cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cell. Only found in plant cells.

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cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

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Common ancestry

A similarity in genes/characteristics.

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Natural selection

Dependent on specific factors within an environment.

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Species

Can interbreed without reproductive barriers.

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Coevolution

They are coherently impacting the evolution of each other.

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Parasitism

When one organism is harmed and one benefits in a symbiotic relationship.

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Predation

The cycle of which one organism, the predator, eats another, the prey.

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Mutualism

Both organisms benefit in a symbiotic relationship.

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Commensalism

One organism benefits and one is unaffected in a symbiotic relationship.

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Antibiotics ineffectiveness

Antibiotics may be ineffective due to improper use, bacterial evolution, or over-prescription.

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Pyramid of Energy

The energy pyramid shows energy transfer through trophic levels, with producers at the bottom and tertiary consumers at the top.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that produce their own food, can photosynthesize.

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Carnivores

Eats only animals.

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Decomposers

Organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms.

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Study Notes

Cell Biology and Genetics

  • Genetic Uniqueness: Embryos are genetically unique due to crossing over (exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis). This creates new gene combinations and increases genetic diversity.

  • Meiosis Outcome: Meiosis produces haploid cells (gametes) with half the chromosome number of the parent cell.

  • Prophase I (Crossing Over): Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material (recombination), increasing genetic variation.

  • Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and are larger; prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and are smaller.

  • Domains of Life: The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Eukarya includes eukaryotic organisms, while Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic.

  • Metric Conversion: King Henry died by drinking chocolate milk (Kilo, Hecto, Deca, Base, Deci, Centi, Milli) for metric conversion.

  • Cell Organelles:

  • Nucleus: Contains DNA and RNA, responsible for growth and reproduction.

  • Mitochondria: Produce energy (respiration).

  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.

  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes.

  • Golgi Body: Modifies, packages, and transports proteins.

  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Creates lipids (fats).

  • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid holding organelles.

  • Cell Wall: Rigid outer layer (plant cells only).

  • Cell Membrane: Controls substance entry/exit.

Biological Organization and Ecology

  • Common Ancestry: Similar genes/characteristics indicate a common ancestor.

  • Natural Selection: Species adaptation depends on environmental factors.

  • Species Definition: Interbreeding without reproductive barriers defines a species.

  • Symbiotic Relationships:

  • Parasitism: One harmed, one benefits.

  • Predation: One organism (predator) eats another (prey).

  • Mutualism: Both organisms benefit.

  • Commensalism: One benefits, one is unaffected.

  • Antibiotic Ineffectiveness: Factors influencing antibiotic ineffectiveness include improper use, bacterial evolution, and overprescription.

  • Ecological Pyramids: The energy pyramid demonstrates energy transfer between trophic levels, with producers at the bottom and tertiary consumers at the top.

  • Nutritional Roles:

  • Autotrophs: Produce their own food through photosynthesis.

  • Carnivores: Eat only animals.

  • Detritivores: Consume dead organic material.

  • Omnivores: Eat both plants and animals.

  • Scavengers: Consume dead organisms.

  • Herbivores: Eat only plants.

  • Decomposers: Break down dead organisms.

  • Taxonomy: The science of classifying organisms (Dumb Kids Playing Catch On Freeways Get Squished - Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).

  • Binomial Nomenclature: Naming organisms using two names (genus and species).

  • Biological Classification Levels: Domains (most general) are broadest taxonomic groups; Species (most specific) represent the narrowest taxonomic groups.

  • Reproduction:

  • Sexual Reproduction: Involves two parents.

  • Asexual Reproduction: Involves one parent.

  • Evolutionary Models:

  • Gradualism: Slow evolutionary changes over time.

  • Punctuated Equilibrium: Rapid bursts of evolutionary change separated by periods of stability.

  • Plant vs. Animal Cells: Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole; animal cells do not.

  • Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, Eukaryotes have a nucleus

  • Factors affecting populations:

  • Density-Dependent Factors: Affect populations based on size.

  • Density-Independent Factors: Affect populations regardless of size.

  • Abiotic Factors: Non-living elements of an ecosystem.

  • Biotic Factors: Living elements of an ecosystem.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  • Photosynthesis Equation: CO₂ + H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ (carbon dioxide + water + light → glucose + oxygen).

  • Photosynthetic Stages:

  • Light-Dependent Reactions: Occur within the thylakoid membranes.

  • Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): Occur in the stroma, converting CO₂ into glucose.

  • Cell Division:

  • Mitosis: Creates 2 identical diploid cells for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

  • Meiosis: Creates 4 non-identical haploid cells for sexual reproduction (gametes).

  • DNA Replication in Cell Division: DNA replication is necessary before cell division (mitosis and meiosis) to ensure each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.

  • Meiosis Chromosome Reduction: Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half in gametes.

  • Gametes: Reproductive cells (e.g., sperm or egg).

  • Survivorship Curves: Graphs illustrating survival rates at different ages in a population.

Evolution

  • Types of Selection:

  • Directional: Favors one extreme trait.

  • Disruptive: Favors both extreme traits.

  • Stabilizing: Favors the average trait.

  • Reproductive Isolation mechanisms:

  • Behavioral: Isolation due to differences in courtship or mating behaviors.

  • Temporal: Isolation because of difference in breeding times.

  • Geographic: Isolation due to physical geographic barriers.

  • Anatomic: Isolation due to an incompatibility in reproductive parts.

  • Reproductive isolation: Preventing interbreeding between different species.

  • Speciation: Formation of new species through evolution.

Population Dynamics

  • Population Growth:

  • Exponential: Constant rate of growth.

  • Logistic: Growth slows due to environmental limitations.

  • Carrying Capacity: The maximum population an environment can sustain.

  • Biomass Pyramid: Illustrates the biomass at different trophic levels, with producers at the top and tertiary consumers at the bottom.

Microscopy

  • Microscope Magnification: Total magnification is calculated by multiplying eyepiece magnification by objective lens magnification.

  • Field Diameter Calculation: (Magnification 1 × diameter 1 = Magnification 2 × diameter 2)

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Test your knowledge on cell biology, genetics, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Explore key concepts such as meiosis, genetic diversity, and the domains of life. Perfect for students studying cell biology and genetics.

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