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Questions and Answers
In which part of the circulatory system is blood pressure the highest?
In which part of the circulatory system is blood pressure the highest?
Aorta
Which part of the heart does deoxygenated blood enter?
Which part of the heart does deoxygenated blood enter?
Right atrium
What type of immunity do B cells provide?
What type of immunity do B cells provide?
Humoral immunity
What is the primary function of T cells?
What is the primary function of T cells?
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What are differentiated forms of B cells that produce antibodies?
What are differentiated forms of B cells that produce antibodies?
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Which leukocyte releases histamine?
Which leukocyte releases histamine?
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Histamines have two functions when released by mast cells: 1. Dilate nearby capillaries and 2. Make capillary walls more ______.
Histamines have two functions when released by mast cells: 1. Dilate nearby capillaries and 2. Make capillary walls more ______.
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What is antigen presentation by MHC II associated with?
What is antigen presentation by MHC II associated with?
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What will happen if toxins irreversibly bind to and inactivate acetylcholine?
What will happen if toxins irreversibly bind to and inactivate acetylcholine?
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What level of the ecological pyramid has the highest biomass?
What level of the ecological pyramid has the highest biomass?
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Only ______% of the energy stored as biomass is passed on from one trophic level to the next.
Only ______% of the energy stored as biomass is passed on from one trophic level to the next.
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Where does filtration take place in the excretory system?
Where does filtration take place in the excretory system?
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Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing water?
Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing water?
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What occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
What occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
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In which structure will nitrogen fixation be observed?
In which structure will nitrogen fixation be observed?
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___________ is very similar to mitosis and Meiosis II involves chromosomes lining up individually in metaphase
___________ is very similar to mitosis and Meiosis II involves chromosomes lining up individually in metaphase
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In metaphase II, _____________ randomly line Sister chromatids up single-file at the metaphase plate just like in mitosis
In metaphase II, _____________ randomly line Sister chromatids up single-file at the metaphase plate just like in mitosis
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Meiosis II and mitosis ____________
Meiosis II and mitosis ____________
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Meiosis I ____________
Meiosis I ____________
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Mitotic metaphase is similar to meiotic metaphase II because both stages involve ____________
Mitotic metaphase is similar to meiotic metaphase II because both stages involve ____________
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During DNA replication _______ joins DNA fragments together
During DNA replication _______ joins DNA fragments together
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Enzyme that 'unzips' the wound DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds
Enzyme that 'unzips' the wound DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds
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Creates small nicks within the DNA double helix in order to relieve the tension
Creates small nicks within the DNA double helix in order to relieve the tension
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Epinephrine (adrenaline) is a 'fight-or-flight' hormone released via
Epinephrine (adrenaline) is a 'fight-or-flight' hormone released via
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Hormone that can both constrict blood vessels and also dilate bronchioles
Hormone that can both constrict blood vessels and also dilate bronchioles
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Epinephrine release has what effect on the eyes?
Epinephrine release has what effect on the eyes?
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Epinephrine release results in: Stimulating ______________ to help the body get more oxygen
Epinephrine release results in: Stimulating ______________ to help the body get more oxygen
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Epinephrine release results in: ________ of certain blood vessels to reduce blood flow
Epinephrine release results in: ________ of certain blood vessels to reduce blood flow
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Epinephrine release results in: __________ of certain blood vessels to increase blood flow
Epinephrine release results in: __________ of certain blood vessels to increase blood flow
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Released when the body senses that it has lower blood pressure or blood volume
Released when the body senses that it has lower blood pressure or blood volume
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Ang II is a potent vaso_______
Ang II is a potent vaso_______
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Ang II stimulates _______ release from the adrenal gland
Ang II stimulates _______ release from the adrenal gland
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Ang II increases __________ from the proximal tubule
Ang II increases __________ from the proximal tubule
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Ang II ____________ thirst
Ang II ____________ thirst
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Nitric oxide relaxes smooth muscles surrounding blood vessels, leading to ______________
Nitric oxide relaxes smooth muscles surrounding blood vessels, leading to ______________
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Inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone
Inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone
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Epinephrine stimulates broncho__________
Epinephrine stimulates broncho__________
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When two species indirectly compete for the same limited resource, it is termed
When two species indirectly compete for the same limited resource, it is termed
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Type of indirect competition that occurs when a shared resource like territory, prey, or food is depleted
Type of indirect competition that occurs when a shared resource like territory, prey, or food is depleted
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An increase in leopards depletes the warthogs that tigers eat. This leads to ________________ competition
An increase in leopards depletes the warthogs that tigers eat. This leads to ________________ competition
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Type of indirect competition, where the growth of one species leads to a decline in another because of a shared predator
Type of indirect competition, where the growth of one species leads to a decline in another because of a shared predator
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What type of indirect interaction is occurring between the beetles and spiders?
What type of indirect interaction is occurring between the beetles and spiders?
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Occurs when different organisms or species live in the same habitat but can coexist by occupying different niches
Occurs when different organisms or species live in the same habitat but can coexist by occupying different niches
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What is this an example of? Two species of fish that can occupy the same habitat live at different depths...
What is this an example of? Two species of fish that can occupy the same habitat live at different depths...
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What type of competition occurs when members of the same species compete for limited resources?
What type of competition occurs when members of the same species compete for limited resources?
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What is this an example of? A gardener plants 2 basil plants in a small pot...
What is this an example of? A gardener plants 2 basil plants in a small pot...
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Exploitation and apparent are examples of what type of competition?
Exploitation and apparent are examples of what type of competition?
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In prokaryotes, the pyruvate manipulations and Krebs cycle occur in the __________
In prokaryotes, the pyruvate manipulations and Krebs cycle occur in the __________
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What organelle is involved in modifying and packaging proteins and lipids?
What organelle is involved in modifying and packaging proteins and lipids?
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Site of DNA replication and transcription in eukaryotes
Site of DNA replication and transcription in eukaryotes
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In eukaryotes, after glycolysis, the pyruvate manipulations and Krebs cycle occur in the
In eukaryotes, after glycolysis, the pyruvate manipulations and Krebs cycle occur in the
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In eukaryotes, after glycolysis, the electron transport chain occurs across the __________
In eukaryotes, after glycolysis, the electron transport chain occurs across the __________
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What is this an example of? A cell from a sheep embryo's spine was removed...
What is this an example of? A cell from a sheep embryo's spine was removed...
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Embryonic process in which one group of cells influences the differentiation of neighboring immature cells
Embryonic process in which one group of cells influences the differentiation of neighboring immature cells
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Cells capable of directing the developmental fate of neighboring embryonic cells
Cells capable of directing the developmental fate of neighboring embryonic cells
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Organizers prompt nearby cells to differentiate into specific cell types
Organizers prompt nearby cells to differentiate into specific cell types
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What stimulates parietal and chief cells to release digestive enzymes?
What stimulates parietal and chief cells to release digestive enzymes?
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Gastrin stimulates parietal cells to release
Gastrin stimulates parietal cells to release
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Gastrin also stimulates chief cells to release
Gastrin also stimulates chief cells to release
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Gastric lipase released by chief cells does
Gastric lipase released by chief cells does
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When a food bolus reaches the stomach, the resulting distension stimulates G cells to release
When a food bolus reaches the stomach, the resulting distension stimulates G cells to release
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Pepsinogen released by chief cells does what?
Pepsinogen released by chief cells does what?
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Hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of chyme
Hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of chyme
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Stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions, which helps neutralize acidic chyme in the duodenum
Stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions, which helps neutralize acidic chyme in the duodenum
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Gets activated into chymotrypsin by trypsin in the small intestine
Gets activated into chymotrypsin by trypsin in the small intestine
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Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced by the small intestine and stimulates the gallbladder to release
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced by the small intestine and stimulates the gallbladder to release
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Digestive hormone that breaks down carbohydrates like starch into simpler sugars
Digestive hormone that breaks down carbohydrates like starch into simpler sugars
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Become cancerous via a 2-hit, loss-of-function mutation
Become cancerous via a 2-hit, loss-of-function mutation
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Become cancerous via a 1-hit, gain-of-function mutation
Become cancerous via a 1-hit, gain-of-function mutation
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Responsible for generating proteins that regulate the cell cycle
Responsible for generating proteins that regulate the cell cycle
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Major forces that hold the lipid bilayer together
Major forces that hold the lipid bilayer together
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Phosphate head groups are ____________; fatty acid tails are ______________
Phosphate head groups are ____________; fatty acid tails are ______________
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Simplest form of an instinct
Simplest form of an instinct
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Inherited behavioral sequence that continues to completion in response to a specific stimulus
Inherited behavioral sequence that continues to completion in response to a specific stimulus
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Goose rolling egg back into nest and male insects attacking red-bellied males are both examples of
Goose rolling egg back into nest and male insects attacking red-bellied males are both examples of
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Sign stimulus, specific external stimulus that triggers an innate behavioral response known as a fixed action pattern
Sign stimulus, specific external stimulus that triggers an innate behavioral response known as a fixed action pattern
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What is the releaser?
What is the releaser?
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Is a fixed action pattern inherited or learned?
Is a fixed action pattern inherited or learned?
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Competitive inhibitor
Competitive inhibitor
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A man with blood type AB- received a blood transfusion with type A- blood, what happens after?
A man with blood type AB- received a blood transfusion with type A- blood, what happens after?
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Blood type AB- would only produce antibodies against
Blood type AB- would only produce antibodies against
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An individual with ___________ blood type possesses both A and B antigens on their RBCs
An individual with ___________ blood type possesses both A and B antigens on their RBCs
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What does it mean if a blood transfusion is (-)?
What does it mean if a blood transfusion is (-)?
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Can receive from: O-; Can donate to: All blood types
Can receive from: O-; Can donate to: All blood types
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Can receive from: O+, O-; Can donate to: O+, A+, B+, AB+
Can receive from: O+, O-; Can donate to: O+, A+, B+, AB+
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Can receive from: AB-, A-, B-, O-; Can donate to: AB-, AB+
Can receive from: AB-, A-, B-, O-; Can donate to: AB-, AB+
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Can receive from: All blood types (universal recipient); Can donate to: AB+
Can receive from: All blood types (universal recipient); Can donate to: AB+
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Can receive from: B-, O-; Can donate to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+
Can receive from: B-, O-; Can donate to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+
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Can receive from: B+, B-, O+, O-; Can donate to: B+, AB+
Can receive from: B+, B-, O+, O-; Can donate to: B+, AB+
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Can receive from: A-, O-; Can donate to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+
Can receive from: A-, O-; Can donate to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+
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Can receive from: A+, A-, O+, O-; Can donate to: A+, AB+
Can receive from: A+, A-, O+, O-; Can donate to: A+, AB+
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Parent ’ daughter strand =
Parent ’ daughter strand =
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Histone acetylation forms
Histone acetylation forms
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More genetic diversity
More genetic diversity
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What is this? A researcher extracts DNA from a host cell, restriction enzymes are used...
What is this? A researcher extracts DNA from a host cell, restriction enzymes are used...
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Genetic identification tool using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
Genetic identification tool using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
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Collection of the total genomic DNA from a single organism
Collection of the total genomic DNA from a single organism
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Type of gel electrophoresis that separates proteins according to size and charge
Type of gel electrophoresis that separates proteins according to size and charge
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ELISA looks for a particular
ELISA looks for a particular
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Synthesizes mRNA from a DNA template during transcription
Synthesizes mRNA from a DNA template during transcription
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DNA replication
DNA replication
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DNA transcription
DNA transcription
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These are steps for what process? 1. Initiation: Promoter sequence next to the gene attracts RNA polymerase...
These are steps for what process? 1. Initiation: Promoter sequence next to the gene attracts RNA polymerase...
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In which part of the circulatory system would the most deoxygenated blood be found?
In which part of the circulatory system would the most deoxygenated blood be found?
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In which part of the circulatory system would the most oxygenated blood be found?
In which part of the circulatory system would the most oxygenated blood be found?
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Pulmonary vv.
Pulmonary vv.
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Pulmonary aa.
Pulmonary aa.
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Study Notes
Cell Division and Genetics
- Meiosis II and mitosis both involve the separation of sister chromatids and individual chromosome alignment during metaphase.
- In metaphase II of meiosis, sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate, similar to mitosis.
- Meiosis I involves the separation of homologous chromosomes, while meiosis II and mitosis focus on sister chromatids.
DNA Replication Enzymes
- DNA helicase unzips the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.
- DNA ligase joins DNA fragments together, forming continuous phosphodiester bonds.
- Topoisomerase creates nicks in the DNA double helix to relieve tension during replication.
Hormonal Responses in the Body
- Epinephrine, a "fight-or-flight" hormone, is released by the sympathetic nervous system and has various physiological effects.
- It causes dilation of pupils and bronchodilation to increase oxygen intake.
- Epinephrine can constrict blood vessels leading to the digestive system while dilating vessels in the skeletal muscles.
Blood Pressure Regulation
- Angiotensin II (Ang II) responds to low blood pressure, acts as a potent vasoconstrictor, and stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal gland, enhancing Na+ reabsorption and increasing blood volume.
- Ang II also increases thirst, prompting fluid intake.
Nitric Oxide Function
- Nitric oxide promotes vasodilation by relaxing smooth muscle around blood vessels.
Competitive Interactions in Ecology
- Exploitation competition occurs when species indirectly compete for limited resources, leading to decreased fitness for competitors.
- Apparent competition refers to indirect competition where the growth of one species causes a decline in another due to shared predators.
- Resource partitioning allows different species to coexist by occupying different niches within the same habitat.
Cellular Structures and Processes
- In prokaryotes, the pyruvate manipulations and Krebs cycle occur in the cytosol.
- In eukaryotes, key processes occur in specific organelles: glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondrial matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane, respectively.
Embryonic Development
- Induction is the process where one group of cells influences the differentiation of neighboring cells, facilitated by organizers that prompt specific cell type development.
Gastrointestinal Hormones
- Gastrin stimulates digestive enzyme release from parietal and chief cells in the stomach, leading to HCl and gastric lipase secretion.
- Secretin is released in response to chyme and stimulates bicarbonate secretion to neutralize stomach acid.
Blood Types and Transfusions
- Blood type AB has both A and B antigens, allowing it to receive transfusions universally except from Rh positive blood.
- Type O- is the universal donor, while AB+ is the universal recipient.
- Blood transfusion reactions can occur if the immune system attacks foreign blood antigens.
Protein and DNA Analysis Techniques
- Gel electrophoresis separates proteins by size and charge, while techniques like DNA fingerprinting utilize RFLPs and STRs for genetic identification.
- A genomic library contains a collection of an organism's total genomic DNA.
Immune Response
- B cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
- T cells mediate cell-mediated immunity.
Fixed Action Patterns in Behavior
- Fixed action patterns are innate behaviors triggered by specific stimuli, leading to a sequence of actions until completion.
- Examples include a goose rolling an egg back into its nest.
Molecular Interactions
- The lipid bilayer's stability is mainly due to hydrophobic interactions, with van der Waals forces assisting in maintaining structure.
- In phospholipids, the phosphate head is hydrophilic, while the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.### Antigen Presentation and Immune Response
- MHC II molecules present antigens to CD4 T cells, initiating helper T cell responses.
- MHC I molecules present antigens to CD8 T cells, which are involved in cytotoxic responses.
Inflammation and Immune Cells
- Monocytes migrate to infected tissues via diapedesis and differentiate into phagocytic macrophages.
- Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to respond to inflammation.
Cellular Processes
- Actin microfilaments are essential for the cleavage of cells during division; inhibition of these structures impacts cell separation.
- The cleavage furrow is formed by a contractile ring of actin microfilaments and myosin motors.
Nondisjunction Effects
- Nondisjunction during meiosis can result in gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers: can yield 45 or 47 chromosomes in fertilized zygotes.
- Nondisjunction can happen during meiosis I (n+1 or n-1) or meiosis II (different combinations including normal and abnormal chromosome counts).
Natural Selection Types
- Directional selection favors extreme phenotypes, shifting population trait distributions toward those extremes (e.g., antibiotic resistance in bacteria).
- Divergent evolution occurs when related species evolve different traits from a common ancestor (e.g., human arms and bat wings).
- Convergent evolution results in unrelated organisms developing similar structures (e.g., bats and dragonflies).
Evolutionary Concepts
- Homologous structures share a common ancestor but may serve different functions in different species.
- Analogous structures serve similar functions but do not share a common evolutionary origin.
- Coevolution involves two or more species mutually influencing each other's evolution through natural selection.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- In a population at equilibrium, the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals can be calculated (q² = 9%).
- Allele frequencies: p + q = 1, providing p for dominant alleles and q for recessive alleles.
- Heterozygous individuals can be calculated using 2pq formula.
Muscle Physiology
- In muscle contraction, depolarization is caused by sodium ion influx, while repolarization results from potassium ion efflux.
- When the threshold potential is reached, Na+ channels open, leading to depolarization, followed by repolarization.
Metabolism
- Beta-oxidation of fatty acids produces Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.
- This process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and breaks down fatty acids for the Krebs cycle.
Nephron Function in Excretory System
- Filtration occurs in the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
- The proximal tubule absorbs salts, glucose, amino acids, and secretes H+.
- The descending limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for water reabsorption; the ascending limb reabsorbs solutes.
- The distal tubule reabsorbs water, secretes K+, and excretes urine to the bladder.
Hormonal Changes in Ovarian Cycle
- The luteal phase involves the development of the corpus luteum from the follicle.
Nitrogen Fixation
- Nitrogen fixation occurs in root nodules of leguminous plants.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts of meiosis and mitosis, including the differences and similarities between the two processes. Test your understanding of metaphase II and the behavior of sister chromatids. Ideal for students studying cell division in biology.