Meiosis and Mitosis Practice Test
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Meiosis and Mitosis Practice Test

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Questions and Answers

In which part of the circulatory system is blood pressure the highest?

Aorta

Which part of the heart does deoxygenated blood enter?

Right atrium

What type of immunity do B cells provide?

Humoral immunity

What is the primary function of T cells?

<p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are differentiated forms of B cells that produce antibodies?

<p>Plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte releases histamine?

<p>Mast cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Histamines have two functions when released by mast cells: 1. Dilate nearby capillaries and 2. Make capillary walls more ______.

<p>permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is antigen presentation by MHC II associated with?

<p>CD4 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if toxins irreversibly bind to and inactivate acetylcholine?

<p>Postsynaptic cell will fail to depolarize and contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level of the ecological pyramid has the highest biomass?

<p>Primary producer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only ______% of the energy stored as biomass is passed on from one trophic level to the next.

<p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does filtration take place in the excretory system?

<p>Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing water?

<p>Descending limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

<p>Follicle develops into the corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which structure will nitrogen fixation be observed?

<p>Root nodules</p> Signup and view all the answers

___________ is very similar to mitosis and Meiosis II involves chromosomes lining up individually in metaphase

<p>Meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

In metaphase II, _____________ randomly line Sister chromatids up single-file at the metaphase plate just like in mitosis

<p>Sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis II and mitosis ____________

<p>Sister chromatids separate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis I ____________

<p>Homologous chromosomes separate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitotic metaphase is similar to meiotic metaphase II because both stages involve ____________

<p>Single-file line of chromosomes comprising 2 sister chromatids along the metaphase plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

During DNA replication _______ joins DNA fragments together

<p>DNA ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzyme that 'unzips' the wound DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds

<p>DNA helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Creates small nicks within the DNA double helix in order to relieve the tension

<p>Topoisomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine (adrenaline) is a 'fight-or-flight' hormone released via

<p>Sympathetic NS</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormone that can both constrict blood vessels and also dilate bronchioles

<p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine release has what effect on the eyes?

<p>Dilates pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine release results in: Stimulating ______________ to help the body get more oxygen

<p>Bronchodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine release results in: ________ of certain blood vessels to reduce blood flow

<p>Constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine release results in: __________ of certain blood vessels to increase blood flow

<p>Dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Released when the body senses that it has lower blood pressure or blood volume

<p>Ang II</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ang II is a potent vaso_______

<p>Constrictor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ang II stimulates _______ release from the adrenal gland

<p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ang II increases __________ from the proximal tubule

<p>Na+ reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ang II ____________ thirst

<p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitric oxide relaxes smooth muscles surrounding blood vessels, leading to ______________

<p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone

<p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine stimulates broncho__________

<p>Dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

When two species indirectly compete for the same limited resource, it is termed

<p>Exploitation competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type of indirect competition that occurs when a shared resource like territory, prey, or food is depleted

<p>Exploitation competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

An increase in leopards depletes the warthogs that tigers eat. This leads to ________________ competition

<p>Exploitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type of indirect competition, where the growth of one species leads to a decline in another because of a shared predator

<p>Apparent competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of indirect interaction is occurring between the beetles and spiders?

<p>Apparent competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Occurs when different organisms or species live in the same habitat but can coexist by occupying different niches

<p>Resource partitioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is this an example of? Two species of fish that can occupy the same habitat live at different depths...

<p>Resource partitioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of competition occurs when members of the same species compete for limited resources?

<p>Intraspecific</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is this an example of? A gardener plants 2 basil plants in a small pot...

<p>Intraspecific competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exploitation and apparent are examples of what type of competition?

<p>Indirect</p> Signup and view all the answers

In prokaryotes, the pyruvate manipulations and Krebs cycle occur in the __________

<p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organelle is involved in modifying and packaging proteins and lipids?

<p>Golgi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Site of DNA replication and transcription in eukaryotes

<p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotes, after glycolysis, the pyruvate manipulations and Krebs cycle occur in the

<p>Mitochondrial matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotes, after glycolysis, the electron transport chain occurs across the __________

<p>Inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is this an example of? A cell from a sheep embryo's spine was removed...

<p>Induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryonic process in which one group of cells influences the differentiation of neighboring immature cells

<p>Induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells capable of directing the developmental fate of neighboring embryonic cells

<p>Organizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organizers prompt nearby cells to differentiate into specific cell types

<p>Induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates parietal and chief cells to release digestive enzymes?

<p>Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gastrin stimulates parietal cells to release

<p>HCl/gastric juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gastrin also stimulates chief cells to release

<p>Gastric lipase and pepsinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gastric lipase released by chief cells does

<p>Break down fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a food bolus reaches the stomach, the resulting distension stimulates G cells to release

<p>Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pepsinogen released by chief cells does what?

<p>It gets converted into pepsin by the HCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of chyme

<p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions, which helps neutralize acidic chyme in the duodenum

<p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gets activated into chymotrypsin by trypsin in the small intestine

<p>Chymotrypsinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced by the small intestine and stimulates the gallbladder to release

<p>Bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

Digestive hormone that breaks down carbohydrates like starch into simpler sugars

<p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Become cancerous via a 2-hit, loss-of-function mutation

<p>Tumor-suppressor (haploinsufficient)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Become cancerous via a 1-hit, gain-of-function mutation

<p>Proto-oncogenes (haploinsufficient)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Responsible for generating proteins that regulate the cell cycle

<p>Proto-oncogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Major forces that hold the lipid bilayer together

<p>Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phosphate head groups are ____________; fatty acid tails are ______________

<p>Heads = philic; Tails = phobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Simplest form of an instinct

<p>Fixed action pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inherited behavioral sequence that continues to completion in response to a specific stimulus

<p>Fixed action pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

Goose rolling egg back into nest and male insects attacking red-bellied males are both examples of

<p>Fixed action pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sign stimulus, specific external stimulus that triggers an innate behavioral response known as a fixed action pattern

<p>Releaser</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the releaser?

<p>Red coloring in the belly region of another stickleback</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is a fixed action pattern inherited or learned?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Competitive inhibitor

<p>Km = ‘ Vmax = same</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man with blood type AB- received a blood transfusion with type A- blood, what happens after?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood type AB- would only produce antibodies against

<ul> <li>blood transfusions</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

An individual with ___________ blood type possesses both A and B antigens on their RBCs

<p>AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if a blood transfusion is (-)?

<p>There's no Rh factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can receive from: O-; Can donate to: All blood types

<p>Type O-</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can receive from: O+, O-; Can donate to: O+, A+, B+, AB+

<p>Type O+</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can receive from: AB-, A-, B-, O-; Can donate to: AB-, AB+

<p>Type AB-</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can receive from: All blood types (universal recipient); Can donate to: AB+

<p>Type AB+</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can receive from: B-, O-; Can donate to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+

<p>Type B-</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can receive from: B+, B-, O+, O-; Can donate to: B+, AB+

<p>Type B+</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can receive from: A-, O-; Can donate to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+

<p>Type A-</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can receive from: A+, A-, O+, O-; Can donate to: A+, AB+

<p>Type A+</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parent ’ daughter strand =

<p>Antiparallel and complementary base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Histone acetylation forms

<p>Euchromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

More genetic diversity

<p>External fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is this? A researcher extracts DNA from a host cell, restriction enzymes are used...

<p>Genomic library construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic identification tool using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)

<p>DNA fingerprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Collection of the total genomic DNA from a single organism

<p>Genomic library (DNA library)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type of gel electrophoresis that separates proteins according to size and charge

<p>SDS-PAGE</p> Signup and view all the answers

ELISA looks for a particular

<p>Antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Synthesizes mRNA from a DNA template during transcription

<p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA replication

<p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA transcription

<p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

These are steps for what process? 1. Initiation: Promoter sequence next to the gene attracts RNA polymerase...

<p>DNA transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the circulatory system would the most deoxygenated blood be found?

<p>Pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the circulatory system would the most oxygenated blood be found?

<p>Pulmonary veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pulmonary vv.

<p>Most oxygenated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pulmonary aa.

<p>Most deoxygenated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Division and Genetics

  • Meiosis II and mitosis both involve the separation of sister chromatids and individual chromosome alignment during metaphase.
  • In metaphase II of meiosis, sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate, similar to mitosis.
  • Meiosis I involves the separation of homologous chromosomes, while meiosis II and mitosis focus on sister chromatids.

DNA Replication Enzymes

  • DNA helicase unzips the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.
  • DNA ligase joins DNA fragments together, forming continuous phosphodiester bonds.
  • Topoisomerase creates nicks in the DNA double helix to relieve tension during replication.

Hormonal Responses in the Body

  • Epinephrine, a "fight-or-flight" hormone, is released by the sympathetic nervous system and has various physiological effects.
  • It causes dilation of pupils and bronchodilation to increase oxygen intake.
  • Epinephrine can constrict blood vessels leading to the digestive system while dilating vessels in the skeletal muscles.

Blood Pressure Regulation

  • Angiotensin II (Ang II) responds to low blood pressure, acts as a potent vasoconstrictor, and stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal gland, enhancing Na+ reabsorption and increasing blood volume.
  • Ang II also increases thirst, prompting fluid intake.

Nitric Oxide Function

  • Nitric oxide promotes vasodilation by relaxing smooth muscle around blood vessels.

Competitive Interactions in Ecology

  • Exploitation competition occurs when species indirectly compete for limited resources, leading to decreased fitness for competitors.
  • Apparent competition refers to indirect competition where the growth of one species causes a decline in another due to shared predators.
  • Resource partitioning allows different species to coexist by occupying different niches within the same habitat.

Cellular Structures and Processes

  • In prokaryotes, the pyruvate manipulations and Krebs cycle occur in the cytosol.
  • In eukaryotes, key processes occur in specific organelles: glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondrial matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane, respectively.

Embryonic Development

  • Induction is the process where one group of cells influences the differentiation of neighboring cells, facilitated by organizers that prompt specific cell type development.

Gastrointestinal Hormones

  • Gastrin stimulates digestive enzyme release from parietal and chief cells in the stomach, leading to HCl and gastric lipase secretion.
  • Secretin is released in response to chyme and stimulates bicarbonate secretion to neutralize stomach acid.

Blood Types and Transfusions

  • Blood type AB has both A and B antigens, allowing it to receive transfusions universally except from Rh positive blood.
  • Type O- is the universal donor, while AB+ is the universal recipient.
  • Blood transfusion reactions can occur if the immune system attacks foreign blood antigens.

Protein and DNA Analysis Techniques

  • Gel electrophoresis separates proteins by size and charge, while techniques like DNA fingerprinting utilize RFLPs and STRs for genetic identification.
  • A genomic library contains a collection of an organism's total genomic DNA.

Immune Response

  • B cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
  • T cells mediate cell-mediated immunity.

Fixed Action Patterns in Behavior

  • Fixed action patterns are innate behaviors triggered by specific stimuli, leading to a sequence of actions until completion.
  • Examples include a goose rolling an egg back into its nest.

Molecular Interactions

  • The lipid bilayer's stability is mainly due to hydrophobic interactions, with van der Waals forces assisting in maintaining structure.
  • In phospholipids, the phosphate head is hydrophilic, while the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.### Antigen Presentation and Immune Response
  • MHC II molecules present antigens to CD4 T cells, initiating helper T cell responses.
  • MHC I molecules present antigens to CD8 T cells, which are involved in cytotoxic responses.

Inflammation and Immune Cells

  • Monocytes migrate to infected tissues via diapedesis and differentiate into phagocytic macrophages.
  • Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to respond to inflammation.

Cellular Processes

  • Actin microfilaments are essential for the cleavage of cells during division; inhibition of these structures impacts cell separation.
  • The cleavage furrow is formed by a contractile ring of actin microfilaments and myosin motors.

Nondisjunction Effects

  • Nondisjunction during meiosis can result in gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers: can yield 45 or 47 chromosomes in fertilized zygotes.
  • Nondisjunction can happen during meiosis I (n+1 or n-1) or meiosis II (different combinations including normal and abnormal chromosome counts).

Natural Selection Types

  • Directional selection favors extreme phenotypes, shifting population trait distributions toward those extremes (e.g., antibiotic resistance in bacteria).
  • Divergent evolution occurs when related species evolve different traits from a common ancestor (e.g., human arms and bat wings).
  • Convergent evolution results in unrelated organisms developing similar structures (e.g., bats and dragonflies).

Evolutionary Concepts

  • Homologous structures share a common ancestor but may serve different functions in different species.
  • Analogous structures serve similar functions but do not share a common evolutionary origin.
  • Coevolution involves two or more species mutually influencing each other's evolution through natural selection.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

  • In a population at equilibrium, the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals can be calculated (q² = 9%).
  • Allele frequencies: p + q = 1, providing p for dominant alleles and q for recessive alleles.
  • Heterozygous individuals can be calculated using 2pq formula.

Muscle Physiology

  • In muscle contraction, depolarization is caused by sodium ion influx, while repolarization results from potassium ion efflux.
  • When the threshold potential is reached, Na+ channels open, leading to depolarization, followed by repolarization.

Metabolism

  • Beta-oxidation of fatty acids produces Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.
  • This process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and breaks down fatty acids for the Krebs cycle.

Nephron Function in Excretory System

  • Filtration occurs in the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
  • The proximal tubule absorbs salts, glucose, amino acids, and secretes H+.
  • The descending limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for water reabsorption; the ascending limb reabsorbs solutes.
  • The distal tubule reabsorbs water, secretes K+, and excretes urine to the bladder.

Hormonal Changes in Ovarian Cycle

  • The luteal phase involves the development of the corpus luteum from the follicle.

Nitrogen Fixation

  • Nitrogen fixation occurs in root nodules of leguminous plants.

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Description

This quiz focuses on key concepts of meiosis and mitosis, including the differences and similarities between the two processes. Test your understanding of metaphase II and the behavior of sister chromatids. Ideal for students studying cell division in biology.

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