Meiosis and Genetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What occurs during Anaphase I of meiosis?

  • Sister chromatids align at the equator.
  • Nuclear membranes reform around the chromosomes.
  • Homologous chromosomes move apart to opposite poles. (correct)
  • Chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles.

    • Which of the following best describes a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

  • Mitosis results in four cells, while meiosis results in two cells.
  • Mitosis is a reductive division, whereas meiosis is duplicative.
  • Mitosis results in diploid cells, while meiosis produces haploid gametes. (correct)
  • Homologous chromosomes do not pair in mitosis but do in meiosis. (correct)

    • What happens to chromosomes during Telophase II of meiosis?

  • Chromosomes duplicate prior to cell division.
  • All chromosomes line up at the equator.
  • Chromatids remain attached at the centromere.
  • Four new cells form, each with half the original chromosomes. (correct)

    • During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding red blood cells (erythrocytes) is incorrect?

    <p>They are unspecialized stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>The chromosome number is halved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes stem cells in a developing embryo?

    <p>They are unspecialized and can differentiate into various cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of red blood cells?

    <p>To transport oxygen throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic interaction is illustrated by the blood group AB?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of complete dominance?

    <p>One allele completely masks the effect of another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a mutation in genetics?

    <p>An alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT known to induce mutations?

    <p>Physical exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe offspring that display new characteristics due to mutations?

    <p>Mutant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation involves structural changes to the entire chromosome?

    <p>Chromosome mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does albinism exemplify the principle of complete dominance?

    <p>Albinism is caused by a recessive allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which reproductive process are mutations most likely to occur?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cervix during childbirth?

    <p>It closes the lower end of the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sperm travel toward the egg after ejaculation?

    <p>It swims using its tail up the cervix and uterus to the oviducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an isotonic solution?

    <p>The concentration of solutes is the same as that inside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>The cell will lose water and may shrivel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>It facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines fertilization in the reproductive process?

    <p>The fusion of the sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding hypotonic solutions?

    <p>The cell will gain water and potentially burst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of active transport?

    <p>It moves substances against the concentration gradient using energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the production of female gametes compared to male gametes?

    <p>They contain a food store.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the five major kingdoms of living things?

    <p>Viridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after the zygote is formed during fertilization?

    <p>The zygote undergoes mitosis as it travels to the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes viruses in relation to living and non-living organisms?

    <p>They do not feed or respire on their own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When discussing classification, which of the following is NOT a main characteristic used?

    <p>Coloration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are viruses considered to be on the border between living and non-living organisms?

    <p>They can only reproduce inside living cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures primarily stores food over the winter and supports a new plant's initial growth?

    <p>Tubers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of suckers in plant propagation?

    <p>To produce new growths at the base of the parent plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of artificial vegetative propagation?

    <p>Cuttings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes rhizomes from other vegetative structures?

    <p>They develop roots and shoots at the nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key disadvantage of asexual reproduction in plants?

    <p>Defects and diseases from parents are readily passed to offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a haploid cell?

    <p>A cell containing a single set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes genes?

    <p>They are ordered sequences of nucleotides located at specific loci.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods involves attaching a cut stem of one plant to the rootstock of another?

    <p>Grafting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nucleotides in DNA?

    <p>To encode genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction in plants is false?

    <p>It requires vegetative propagation techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does asexual reproduction provide for plant populations?

    <p>Quick reproduction of genetically identical plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a locus in genetics?

    <p>The position on a chromosome of a gene or marker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do alleles differ from each other?

    <p>They are alternative forms of a gene at a specific locus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is accurate about somatic cells?

    <p>They include all body cells except gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

    <p>To play a role in protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about DNA is true?

    <p>DNA is composed of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microscopy

    • Microscopes are the microbiologist's most basic tool
    • Microscopes use lenses to magnify object's images
    • Light microscopes (5 types)
    • Electron microscopes (2 types)
    • Compound light microscopes use visible light to illuminate cells
    • Different types include: brightfield, darkfield, phase-contrast, differential interference contrast (DIC) and fluorescence
    • Brightfield microscopes visualize specimens because of differences in contrast (density) between the specimen and its surroundings
    • Magnification = objective magnification × ocular magnification
    • Maximum magnification ~2,000x

    Staining

    • Dyes are organic compounds that bind to specific cellular materials
    • Examples are methylene blue, safranin, and crystal violet
    • Differential stains separate bacteria into gram-positive and gram-negative groups
    • Gram-positive bacteria appear purple, and gram-negative bacteria appear red after staining

    Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

    • All cells are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
    • Prokaryotic cells appeared first and were the only life form on Earth for billions of years
    • Prokaryotes are unicellular
    • Eukaryotes are much more advanced and can be unicellular or multicellular
    • Prokaryotes are simpler than eukaryotes
    • Prokaryotic cells have no nuclear membrane, their genetic material is dispersed throughout the cytoplasm
    • Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles
    • Prokaryotic cells have a simple internal structure
    • Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells

    Cell Components

    • The cell is the smallest unit of life
    • A cell is the basic unit from which all living organisms are made
    • There are many types of cells, some are unicellular, and some are multicellular
    • Cell components differ depending on whether the cell is an animal or plant cell.

    Cell Division (Mitosis)

    • Mitosis produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell.
    • If the parent cell is haploid, the daughters will be also haploid.
    • If the parent cell is diploid, the daughters will be also diploid
    • It involves the body cells of an organism.
    • Includes four stages: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
    • In interphase, DNA and organelles duplicate.
    • Prophase, chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disintegrates.
    • Metaphase, chromosomes align at the equator.
    • Anaphase, chromatids separate.
    • Telophase, and two nuclei form, and the cell divides into two.

    Cell Division (Meiosis)

    • Meiosis is a reductive division (reduces number of chromosomes by half)
    • Meiosis produces reproductive cells or sex cells
    • If the parent cell is diploid, the resulting cells will be haploids
    • Meiosis consists of two cell divisions (meiosis I & meiosis II)
    • The process leads to four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

    Cell Specialization

    • Stem cells are unspecialized cells in developing embryos that differentiate into different cell types
    • Examples include: red blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, and sperm cells
    • The structure of each specialized cell is suited to its function and environment
    • Red blood cells (RBCs) are small and flexible to squeeze through tiny blood vessels
    • Nerve cells have long extensions to transport impulses over longer distances
    • Muscle cells are long and have numerous protein fibers that contract and relax to move parts of the body
    • Sperm has a streamlined head to move towards the ovum with less friction; and a tail to swim towards the ovum.

    Plant Cells (Specialization)

    • Unlike animals, many plant cells retain the ability to differentiate and specialize throughout their life
    • These cells are found in tissues called meristems
    • Root hair cells have a large surface area to absorb water and mineral salts.
    • Xylem cells have tough walls filled with lignin to transport water and minerals from roots to leaves.
    • Phloem cells transport food made in the leaves to other parts of the plant including roots.
    • Palisade cells are elongated so that they can be tightly packed for efficient photosynthesis with lots of chloroplasts to absorb sunlight.
    • Guard cells are crescent shaped, are paired to form stomata that regulate the opening & closing of stomata which affects the rate of transpiration.

    Movement of Substances

    • Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from a high concentration to a lower concentration
    • Osmosis is the passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a high water potential to a low water potential
    • Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration

    Kingdoms of Living Things

    • Organisms are grouped according to common characteristics
    • Classification of organisms is called taxonomy
    • Key characteristics are: feeding, structure, reproduction

    Viruses

    • Viruses are non-living entities because they can only survive and reproduce in living cells.
    • Their simple, acellular organization, the absence of both DNA and RNA, and their inability to reproduce independently of cells
    • Three main classes: animal viruses, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), and plant viruses.

    Bacteria

    • Bacteria are unicellular organisms
    • Variety in shapes: cocci (spherical), coccus (plural), bacillus (rod-shaped), streptococci (chain shaped).

    Fungi

    • Fungi are a kingdom that include unicellular & multicellular species.
    • Fungi do not contain chlorophyll, and are heterotrophic, usually saprophytic (obtain food from dead and decaying matter)

    Protista

    • Protists are a diverse kingdom.
    • Some are animal-like (Protozoa), plant-like (Protophyta) or fungus-like.

    Animalia (Chordata)

    • Vertebrates include fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
    • Chordates have these characteristics: have a vertebral column, have an internal skeleton, a hollow nerve tube, a notochord (in some), have a well-developed closed blood system & a tail behind the anus.

    The Five Major Kingdoms of Life

    • Monera (Bacteria)
    • Protista
    • Fungi
    • Plants
    • Animals

    The Cell Cycle

    • A series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides
    • The process that leads from one cell to 2 identical cells.

    Blood

    • Blood is a tissue with liquid state.
    • It circulates through a system that performs the following:
      • Transport nutrients to cells and remove wastes.
      • Regulation of temperature, pH & osmotic pressure
      • Protection/fight infections (white blood cells)
    • Composed of 45% cells (red & white blood cells, & platelets) and 55% plasma (water, proteins, nutrients, hormones, dissolved waste).

    The Lymphatic System

    • Network of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes maintains homeostasis, return fluid lost from blood vascular system, returns fluids to the blood to maintain the blood volume

    Respiration

    • Process that releases energy from food molecules
    • Two types, aerobic and anaerobic respiration (aerobic respiration requires oxygen to produce energy; anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less energy)
    • The products of respiration are: water + carbon dioxide + energy

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    Related Documents

    OBE Biology Notes Form 4 & 5 2024 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on meiosis stages, chromosome behavior, and genetic interactions in this comprehensive quiz. Explore concepts such as anaphase I, telophase II, and the characteristics of stem cells and mutations. Perfect for students studying biology or anyone interested in genetics.

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