Meiosis and Genetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the outcome of meiosis II on a diploid cell?

  • It produces 4 diploid cells.
  • It produces 4 haploid cells. (correct)
  • It remains a diploid cell.
  • It becomes 2 diploid cells.

During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes form tetrads?

  • Telophase I
  • Prophase I (correct)
  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase I

What process occurs when homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids?

  • Crossing-over (correct)
  • Alignment
  • Replication
  • Separation

How many possible combinations of chromosomes can humans produce through independent assortment during meiosis?

<p>2^23 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chromatids during Anaphase I of meiosis?

<p>They are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Telophase I in meiosis?

<p>Nuclear membranes form. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?

<p>Meiosis I involves chromosome replication, while meiosis II does not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis II?

<p>Four haploid cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of the polar bodies produced in female meiosis?

<p>They are eventually broken down. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic do the cells produced by meiosis I possess?

<p>They contain chromosomes that are different from each other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

<p>Type O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the US population that has the AB negative blood type?

<p>0.6% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is the second most frequently occurring in the US population?

<p>Type A+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes traits that are controlled by two or more genes?

<p>Polygenic traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different genes are involved in determining human skin color?

<p>More than four (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about the phenotype of the F1 generation in Mendel's experiment?

<p>They were a mix of round and yellow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many total seeds were produced in the F2 generation of Mendel's experiment?

<p>556 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'recombinant' refer to in the context of Mendel's experiment?

<p>Offspring that do not resemble the parents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In sexually reproducing organisms, how many copies of each gene does each adult have?

<p>One from each parent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Mendel's principles, which statement about alleles is true?

<p>Some alleles are dominant while others are recessive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of transferring pollen from one plant to another?

<p>Cross-pollination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Mendel's experiments, what does the F1 generation represent?

<p>The first filial generation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the trait from one parent in the F1 hybrid plants?

<p>It becomes the only trait expressed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a hybrid according to Mendel's findings?

<p>The result of crosses between parents with different traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of alleles in Mendel's studies of pea plants?

<p>To produce traits that can be expressed in different forms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Mendel allow the F1 generation to self-pollinate?

<p>To produce the F2 generation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trait did Mendel observe in the F2 generation that was different from the F1 generation?

<p>The presence of both parental traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the parental generation in Mendel's experiments?

<p>True breeding plants that were crossed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic concept explains why one allele may mask the appearance of another in an organism?

<p>Dominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fraction of the F2 generation exhibits the traits controlled by the recessive allele?

<p>1/4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Mendel, what happens to the two alleles for a trait during gamete formation?

<p>They separate into different gametes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best defines probability in the context of Mendelian genetics?

<p>It predicts the likelihood of outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key feature of alleles that Mendel identified?

<p>They exist at different loci on chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In true-breeding plants, what characteristic is observed regarding alleles?

<p>They are always identical. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an organism has two different alleles for a trait, which term describes the allele that determines its appearance?

<p>Dominant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of crossing two F1 hybrids in Mendel's experiments?

<p>The offspring show a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many alleles does an organism inherit for each character according to Mendel's second concept?

<p>One from each parent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mendel's first concept of genetics discusses variations in inherited characters due to what?

<p>Alternative versions of genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces four haploid gametes (sex cells) from a single diploid cell.

Homologous Chromosomes

Pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes, one from each parent.

Tetrad

A structure formed when homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis I, containing four chromatids.

Crossing-Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I. It leads to genetic diversity.

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Random Alignment

The random assortment of chromosomes during meiosis I, leading to a unique combination of parental chromosomes in each gamete.

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Sister chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere.

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Haploid (N) cells

Cells that contain only one set of chromosomes, as opposed to diploid cells which have two sets.

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Polar bodies

Small cells produced during meiosis in female animals that are not involved in reproduction.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by the combination of alleles for a trait.

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Phenotype

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype and environmental factors.

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Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a trait, one dominant and one recessive.

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F1 Generation

The first filial generation, produced from the cross of two parental individuals.

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Dominant Allele

An allele that masks the expression of a recessive allele when present in a heterozygous genotype.

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Cross-pollination

The process of transferring pollen from one plant's flower to another plant's flower.

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Parental Generation (P)

The original pair of true-breeding plants that are crossed to create the next generation.

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First Filial Generation (F1)

The offspring resulting from a cross between the parental generation.

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Traits

Specific characteristics of an organism, such as seed shape, color, or height.

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Contrasting Characters

Two different forms of a trait, such as round versus wrinkled seeds.

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Gene

A unit of heredity that controls a specific trait.

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Allele

A specific version of a gene that influences the trait's expression.

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Hybrid

An offspring resulting from a cross between parents with different traits.

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Blood type

A classification of blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells.

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Universal donor

Blood type O negative is considered the universal donor because it lacks both A and B antigens and the Rh factor, making it compatible with all blood types.

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Universal recipient

Blood type AB positive is considered the universal recipient because it has both A and B antigens and the Rh factor, allowing it to receive blood from all other blood types.

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Polygenic trait

A trait controlled by two or more genes.

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Skin color

An example of a polygenic trait in humans, controlled by multiple genes.

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Recessive Allele

An allele whose trait is masked by the dominant allele when both are present. It only shows its trait if two copies are inherited.

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Mendel's 3:1 Ratio

The phenotypic ratio observed in the F2 generation, where three-fourths of the offspring display the dominant trait, and one-fourth display the recessive trait.

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Locus

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

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True-Breeding

An organism that always produces offspring with the same trait when self-fertilized.

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Law of Segregation

During gamete formation, the two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) and end up in different gametes.

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Probability

The likelihood that a particular event will occur.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Genetics

  • Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
  • Traits are inherited characteristics, like eye shape, hair color, and blood type.
  • Plants and animals both exhibit traits that are inherited.

Objectives

  • Meiosis contrasts with mitosis in terms of the chromosome number of body cells and gametes producing four genetically different haploid cells unlike mitosis producing two similar diploid cells.
  • Meiosis involves two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II), ensuring genetic variation. Mitosis involves only one division, resulting in identical copies.
  • Meiosis is important in providing genetic variation, which is necessary for evolution and adaptation.

Meiosis

  • Before meiosis begins, each chromosome is replicated.
  • Meiosis I involves prophase 1 (chromosome pairs), metaphase 1 (pairs align in the center of the cell), anaphase 1 (homologous chromosomes separate), and telophase 1 and cytokinesis (cell separates into two cells).
  • In meiosis II, the sister chromatids separate, creating 4 haploid cells.
  • In male animals, meiosis results in four equal-sized gametes called sperm. The sperm begins as a round cell and ends in a streamline cell with a flagellum tail. The DNA is tightly packed in the head.
  • In many female animals, only one egg results from meiosis. The other three cells, called polar bodies, are not involved in reproduction and are eventually broken down.

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

  • Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells.
  • Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells.
  • Mitosis is used for growth and repair of cells, while meiosis is how sexually reproducing organisms produce gametes (sperm and egg cells).

Mendel's Principles

  • Mendel used pea plants to study heredity.
  • Mendel developed the concept of dominant and recessive alleles.
  • Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles when present. Recessive alleles expressed only when with another recessive allele.
  • Mendel crossed plants with contrasting traits to study their offspring.
  • The offspring from crosses between plants with different traits are called hybrids.
  • The F1 plants exhibit the characteristic of only one of the parents.
  • The trait from the other parent seemingly disappears in the F1 generation.
  • Mendel's hypothesis for the missing trait assumed a dominant trait masked the recessive allele.

Punnett Squares

  • A Punnett square is a diagram used to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.
  • A capital letter represents a dominant allele, and a lowercase letter represents a recessive allele.

Monohybrid vs. Dihybrid Crosses

  • Monohybrid crosses examine the inheritance of a single trait.
  • Dihybrid crosses examine the inheritance of two different traits.

Non-Mendelian Genetics

  • Incomplete dominance occurs when one allele is not completely dominant over another.
  • Incomplete dominance creates an offspring's heterozygous phenotype between the homozygous dominant parents.
  • Codominance, both alleles are expressed completely. The offspring have both traits.

Multiple Alleles

  • Genes may exhibit more than two alleles for a single trait.
  • Human blood type is a good example of multiple alleles.

Polygenic Traits

  • Traits controlled by two or more genes are called polygenic traits.
  • The genes for a polygenic trait may be located on the same chromosome or on different chromosomes.
  • Due to independent assortment and crossing-over during meiosis, many different combinations appear in offspring. Polygenic traits, like human skin colour, are influenced by several genes resulting in a wider range of phenotypes.

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Chapter 10 Intro Genetics PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on meiosis, its stages, and genetic principles. This quiz covers key concepts such as chromosome pairing, independent assortment, and blood types. Answer questions to solidify your understanding of cellular division and heredity.

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