Meiosis and Genetic Variation Quiz
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What is the primary result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

  • One diploid cell is maintained.
  • Four diploid daughter cells are produced.
  • Two diploid daughter cells are formed.
  • Four haploid daughter cells are produced. (correct)

    • What happens to the chromosomes during the anaphase of meiosis?

  • Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
  • Homologous chromosomes are separated.
  • Chromosomes become indistinct chromatin.
  • Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles. (correct)

    • Which process contributes to genetic variation during meiosis?

  • Cleavage furrow formation during telophase.
  • Cytokinesis occurring after meiosis.
  • Independent assortment of chromosomes. (correct)
  • Replication of DNA before meiosis.

    • How does fertilization impact the chromosome number of the zygote?

    <p>It creates a diploid zygote by merging two haploid gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis?

    <p>It is responsible for dividing the cytoplasm and organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the genetic characteristic of daughter cells produced by meiosis?

    <p>They possess new combinations of genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up side by side?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of crossing-over during Prophase I?

    <p>To exchange genetic material and increase genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis II is most similar to which other type of cell division?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase follows after meiosis I without any DNA replication occurring?

    <p>Interkinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis do the centromeres divide?

    <p>Meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome results from the process of fertilization in meiosis?

    <p>Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the genetic composition of gametes produced through meiosis?

    <p>They are haploid and genetically varied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of genetic recombination during meiosis?

    <p>To ensure offspring are genetically diverse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In comparison to mitosis, meiosis results in daughter cells that are:

    <p>Haploid and genetically diverse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of nondisjunction during meiosis?

    <p>It produces abnormal chromosome conditions such as trisomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event occurs during meiosis but not during mitosis?

    <p>Crossing-over occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that meiosis has successfully occurred?

    <p>Four genetically distinct haploid cells are formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the daughter cells produced by mitosis?

    <p>They are genetically identical and diploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does independent alignment during meiosis contribute to genetic variation?

    <p>By allowing for random assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of chromosomal translocation during meiosis?

    <p>It may result in genetic disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>It reduces the chromosome number from 46 to 23.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does spermatogenesis occur within the male reproductive system?

    <p>In the seminiferous tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the prostate gland?

    <p>To secrete fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for introducing genetic variation during gamete formation?

    <p>Meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source found in semen that aids sperm motility?

    <p>Fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many divisions are involved in the process of meiosis?

    <p>Two divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive organs contribute nutrients to seminal fluid?

    <p>Seminal vesicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fertilized egg formed by the fusion of sperm and egg?

    <p>Zygote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding egg production in females?

    <p>Egg production occurs in the ovaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH level of semen, and why is it significant?

    <p>Slightly basic, to facilitate sperm mobility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the cells formed at the end of meiosis I in spermatogenesis?

    <p>They are haploid and consist of two chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs in oogenesis but not in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Arresting at metaphase II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation?

    <p>Through independent alignment of chromosomes and crossing over.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the primary oocyte in female reproduction?

    <p>It is arrested in prophase I and diploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct consequence of spermatogenesis during puberty?

    <p>Constant and high production of sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After meiosis II in oogenesis, what is the expected outcome?

    <p>One egg and three polar bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the polar body in oogenesis?

    <p>To discard excess chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the completion of meiosis II in oocytes?

    <p>Fertilization by a sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes metaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Homologous pairs align independently at the equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is genetic recombination significant in meiosis?

    <p>It introduces variability among offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atlas vertebra allows the head to shake side to side, permitting the 'no' motion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intervertebral disks are composed of hyaline cartilage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ribs 8 to 12 are classified as true ribs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rib cage plays a part in protecting the liver and kidneys.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Floating ribs are defined as ribs 1 to 7 that do not connect to the sternum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the skeletal system is to create hormones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diaphysis of a long bone is the expanded end of the bone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Red bone marrow is primarily found in the medullary cavity of long bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Canaliculi connect lacunae with one another and with the central canal in bone tissue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spongy bone is heavier than compact bone but lacks structural strength.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compact bone is composed of tubular units called osteons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilage is stronger than bone and contains blood vessels for nutrient supply.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The periosteum is a connective tissue that covers only the ends of bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrocartilage is found in the disks between vertebrae and in the knee joints.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ligaments connect bone to muscle within the human body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estrogen exerts positive feedback on the anterior pituitary to increase FSH secretion during the follicular phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The luteal phase is characterized by high levels of estrogen and reduced levels of progesterone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Menopause typically occurs between the ages of 30 and 40.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the uterine cycle, low levels of estrogen and progesterone prompt the endometrium to disintegrate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A surge of LH on day 14 of the cycle causes the regression of the corpus luteum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thick myofilaments are primarily made up of ______.

    <p>myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.

    <p>sarcolemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium is stored in the ______ reticulum of muscle cells.

    <p>sarcoplasmic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft is called ______.

    <p>acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium ions bind to ______ during muscle contraction.

    <p>troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the space that separates the axon terminal and the sarcolemma.

    <p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vesicular follicle bursts, releasing the ______.

    <p>oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum ______.

    <p>disintegrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The corpus luteum produces ______ and some estrogen.

    <p>progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Days 6 to 13 are known as the ______ phase, where estrogen increases and the endometrium thickens.

    <p>proliferative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On day 14, the process of ______ occurs, signaling the release of the egg.

    <p>ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the secretory phase from days 15 to 28, the corpus luteum secretes ______, which further prepares the endometrium.

    <p>progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum regresses, leading to a drop in ______ levels, which results in menstruation.

    <p>progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fertilized egg, after several divisions, is referred to as a ______ when it reaches the embryonic stage.

    <p>zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of bone formation is known as ______.

    <p>ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the growth of long bones, ______ are responsible for bone formation.

    <p>osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In endochondral ossification, the cartilage model is replaced by ______.

    <p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin D is essential for the absorption of ______ from food.

    <p>calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone that stimulates growth in bones is called ______.

    <p>growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteocytes are mature bone cells that help regulate ______ in bone tissue.

    <p>calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the epiphyseal plates close, ______ can no longer occur.

    <p>bone lengthening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoblasts are responsible for forming ______ by secreting the organic matrix and promoting calcium deposition.

    <p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intramembranous ossification primarily forms ______ bones, such as those in the skull.

    <p>flat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ossification refers to the process of ______ formation during the development of the skeletal system.

    <p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteocytes are mature bone cells that develop from ______, which have surrounded themselves with calcified matrix.

    <p>osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endochondral ossification is the process by which ______ bones are formed from hyaline cartilage.

    <p>long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoblasts in the periosteum carry out further ______.

    <p>ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trabeculae form and fuse into ______ bone.

    <p>compact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endochondral ossification forms most ______, like the tibia.

    <p>bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary ossification center is where blood vessels bring ______ for bone formation.

    <p>osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epiphyseal plate plays a vital role in ______ lengthening.

    <p>limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilage cells are produced in the ______ zone of the epiphyseal plate.

    <p>proliferating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first step of endochondral ossification involves the formation of a ______ model.

    <p>cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As the primary ossification center develops, it leads to the formation of the ______ cavity.

    <p>medullary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the degenerating zone, cartilage cells are ______ off.

    <p>dying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The layer nearest the epiphysis in the epiphyseal plate is called the ______ zone.

    <p>resting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smooth muscle fibers are striated and multinucleated.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscle contraction is involuntary and helps maintain a constant body temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscle fibers are branched and interlock at intercalated disks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All types of muscle tissue are striated and controlled voluntarily.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscle contraction can occur with nervous stimulation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fascia is the connective tissue that covers muscles and extends to become the tendon.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bursae function primarily as fluid-filled sacs that provide rigidity to the joint area.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the biceps brachii contracts, it serves as the antagonist muscle during the movement of the forearm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The insertion of a muscle is the site where the muscle attaches to a stationary bone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary role of skeletal muscles is to facilitate movement through the action of agonist and antagonist pairs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The muscle that is contracting is known as the antagonist.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscles can work together to cause movement.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myofibrils are the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The myofibrils within a muscle fiber are composed of myofilaments.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium is stored in the sarcolemma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen in the sarcoplasm provides energy for muscle relaxation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thick myofilaments are primarily composed of actin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myoglobin in the sarcoplasm binds to carbon dioxide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sarcoplasmic reticulum is an essential site for protein synthesis in muscle fibers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If both the agonist and antagonist muscles contract simultaneously, it results in movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skeletal System - Part 1

    • The skeletal system consists of two types of connective tissue: bone and cartilage.
    • Ligaments, formed of fibrous connective tissue, join the bones.
    • Functions of the skeleton:
      • Supports the body.
      • Works with the muscular system to move the body.
      • Protects internal organs (skull protects brain, rib cage protects heart and lungs, vertebrae protect spinal cord).
      • Produces blood cells.
      • Stores minerals (calcium and phosphate) and fat.

    Anatomy of a Long Bone1

    • Diaphysis-shaft of the bone.
    • Medullary cavity-inside the diaphysis; its walls are made of compact bone.
    • The medullary cavity is lined with the endosteum and is filled with yellow bone marrow, which stores fat.
    • Epiphysis-expanded end of a long bone.
    • Composed of spongy bone that contains red bone marrow, where blood cells are made.

    Anatomy of a Long Bone2

    • The epiphyses are coated with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage, also called articular cartilage, because it occurs at a joint.
    • Metaphysis-between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
      • Contains the epiphyseal plate, a region of cartilage that allows for bone growth.
    • Periosteum-connective tissue covering all bones; continuous with ligaments and tendons.

    Bone 1

    • Two types of bone tissue: compact and spongy.
    • Compact bone is highly organized and composed of tubular units called osteons.
    • Osteocytes are bone cells; they lie in lacunae (singular, lacuna), tiny chambers arranged in concentric circles around a central canal.
    • Matrix fills the space between the rows of lacunae.

    Bone 2

    • Tiny canals called canaliculi connect the lacunae with one another and with the central canal.
    • Osteocytes stay in contact with each other in the canaliculi.
    • They exchange nutrients and wastes through gap junctions that connect adjacent osteocytes.

    Bone 3

    • Spongy bone contains numerous thin plates called trabeculae.
    • Although lighter than compact bone, spongy bone is still designed for strength.
    • Red bone marrow is in the spaces of spongy bone.
    • Produces all types of blood cells.
    • Osteocytes of spongy bone are irregularly placed within the trabeculae.

    Cartilage1

    • Cartilage-not as strong as bone but is more flexible.
    • Matrix contains collagen and elastic fibers.
    • Chondrocytes-cartilage cells; lie within lacunae.
    • Has no nerves or blood vessels; relies on neighboring tissues for nutrient and waste exchange.
    • This makes it slow to heal.
    • Three types of cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.

    Cartilage2

    • Locations of cartilage:
      • Hyaline cartilage: ends of long bones, nose, ends of ribs, larynx, and trachea.
      • Fibrocartilage: disks between vertebrae and in the knee.
      • Elastic cartilage: ear flaps.

    Fibrous Connective Tissue

    • Made of rows of fibroblasts separated by bundles of collagenous fibers.
    • Makes up ligaments and tendons.
    • Ligaments connect bone to bone.
    • Tendons connect muscle to bone at a joint (also called an articulation).

    Bones of the Axial Skeleton 2

    • The 206 bones of the skeleton are classified as the axial or appendicular skeleton.
    • Axial skeleton-midline of the body.
      • Mainly consists of the skull, vertebral column, and the rib cage.
    • Skull:
      • Formed by the cranium and facial bones.
      • Cranium contains and protects the brain.
      • In adults, made of eight bones.
      • In newborns, cranial bones are joined by membranous fontanels.
      • Usually close by the age of 16 months.

    The Skull 2

    • Bones: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid.
    • Foramen magnum-a hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
    • External auditory canal-in each temporal bone; leads to the middle ear.
    • The sphenoid completes the sides of the skull and contributes to forming the orbits (eye sockets).
    • The ethmoid bone also helps form the nasal septum.

    The Vertebral Column1

    • Vertebral column-consists of 33 vertebrae.
    • There are four curvatures that provide more strength for an upright posture than a straight column.
    • Scoliosis-abnormal sideways curvature of the spine.
    • Kyphosis-abnormal posterior curvature; "hunchback."
    • Lordosis-abnormal anterior curvature; "swayback."

    The Vertebral Column 2

    • Vertebral canal-in the center of the column; the spinal cord passes through.
    • Intervertebral foramina (singular, foramen, “a hole”) on each side of the column; spinal nerves travel through.
    • Spinal nerves control skeletal muscle contraction, among other things.
    • If the spinal cord and/or spinal nerves are injured, there can be paralysis or even death.

    Types of Vertebrae

    • Cervical vertebrae-neck
      • Atlas-first cervical vertebra; holds up the head. Movement permits the “yes” motion of the head.
      • Axis-second cervical vertebra is named because it rotates around the long axis of the body when we shake the head "no."

    Intervertebral Disks 1

    • Composed of fibrocartilage.
    • Prevent the vertebrae from grinding
    • Absorb shock caused by movements such as running, jumping, and even walking.
    • Allows the vertebrae to move as we bend forward, backward, and from side to side.
    • Become weakened with age and can rupture.
    • Pain results if a disk presses against the spinal cord and/or spinal nerves.

    The Rib Cage (Thoracic Cage)

    • Composed of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and their associated cartilages, and the sternum.
    • Part of the axial skeleton.
    • Protects the heart and lungs.
    • Swings outward and upward upon inspiration and then downward and inward upon expiration.

    The Ribs 1

    • There are 12 pairs; all connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae in the back.
    • Curve outward and then forward and downward.
    • True ribs-ribs 1 to 7; connect directly to the sternum by means of a long strip of hyaline cartilage called costal cartilage.
    • False ribs-ribs 8 to 12; their costal cartilage does not connect directly to the sternum.
    • Floating ribs-ribs 11 and 12; they have no connection with the sternum.
    • Sternum (breastbone)
      • Along with the ribs, it helps protect the heart and lungs.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on meiosis, its stages, and its significance in genetic variation. This quiz covers key concepts including chromosome behavior, crossing over, and the implications of fertilization on genetic diversity. Great for students studying biology and genetics.

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