Meiosis and Genetic Variation Quiz

The process where the number of chromosomes is halved, eventually leading to gametes with half the number of chromosomes as a somatic cell.

Before interphase, a cell with 46 chromosomes has 46 chromatids. After interphase (DNA replication), the number of chromosomes remains the same (46), but the number of chromatids doubles to 92.

At the end of meiosis I, the cell divides into two daughter cells, each containing 23 chromosomes and 46 chromatids. Each of these chromosomes is composed of two sister chromatids.

At the end of meiosis II, the cell divides again, resulting in four daughter cells, each containing 23 chromosomes and 23 chromatids.

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. It leads to new combinations of alleles on chromosomes.

The random alignment of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I of meiosis, leading to different combinations of alleles in gametes.

The interaction of different genes, where one gene's expression can influence the phenotypic expression of another gene.

The situation where a gene's expression is masked by another gene.

The HBB gene codes for beta-globin, a polypeptide found in haemoglobin, which is a protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells.

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the HBB gene, resulting in an abnormal form of the beta-globin protein.

An abnormal beta-globin protein alters the shape of red blood cells, causing them to become crescent-shaped (sickle-shaped) and inflexible.

The F8 gene codes for factor VIII, a clotting factor essential for blood clotting.

A genetic disorder caused by mutations in the F8 gene, leading to reduced or abnormal factor VIII production, resulting in impaired blood clotting.

Proteins that bind to DNA and regulate gene expression by increasing or decreasing the rate of transcription. These can either initiate or block transcription.

The DNA sequence where a transcription factor binds to control gene expression.

The enzyme responsible for breaking down DELLA, a protein that inhibits transcription.

The production of amylase, an enzyme involved in starch breakdown, is regulated by the transcription factor PIF.

A plant hormone that plays a role in plant development and growth, including seed germination and flowering.

A protein that inhibits transcription and prevents amylase production in seeds.

A plant hormone that binds to a receptor, leading to a series of events including enzyme activation.

A transcription factor that regulates amylase production in germinating seeds.

In germinating seeds, gibberellin binds to a receptor, triggering a chain reaction that leads to the activation of an enzyme. This enzyme breaks down DELLA, allowing PIF to bind to the promoter region of the amylase gene.

The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA.

The process of decoding genetic information in mRNA to build a protein. This occurs on ribosomes.