Medieval Europe Key Figures and Institutions

Medieval Europe

• Key figures and their roles: Edward I (legal reforms), Frederick I (military campaigns), Ferdinand and Isabella (unified Spain, sponsored Columbus), Henry II (common law), John I (Magna Carta), John Wycliffe (early reformer), Phillip II (expanded royal power), Pope Urban II (First Crusade), Richard the Lionhearted (Third Crusade), Saladin (Muslim leader during Crusades), Stephen of Cloyes (Children's Crusade), St. Francis of Assisi (Franciscan order), Thomas Aquinas (integrated faith and reason), William the Conqueror (Norman invasion of England).

• Society and Institutions: Artisans (skilled craftspeople), Burghers (middle-class town dwellers), Common law (legal system), Estates General (French assembly), Friars (religious order), Guilds (artisan or merchant associations), Monks (religious communities), Papal curia (pope's advisory body), Parliament (English legislative body), Simony (buying or selling church offices).

• Agricultural and Economic Systems: Three-field system (crop rotation), Vernacular (everyday language).

• Key events and concepts: Bubonic plague (devastating pandemic), Crusades, Feudalism (social system), Centralized governments (consolidation of power), Nationalism (sense of national identity), Magna Carta (limited king's power).

Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe

• Political and Social Change: Estates General (French representative assembly), Parliament (English legislative body), Constitutional Monarchy (monarchy limited by a constitution).

European Exploration and Colonization

• Explorers and their Voyages: Bartolomeu Dias (rounded Cape of Good Hope), Vasco da Gama (reached India by sea), Prince Henry (sponsored exploration), Columbus (Americas), Magellan (circumnavigation), Jacques Cartier (Canada), Champlain ("Father of New France"), Verrazzano (North American coast), Marquette and Joliet (Mississippi River), LaSalle (Mississippi River basin), Pizarro (Inca Empire), Montezuma (Aztec Empire), Atahualpa (Last Inca Emperor).

• Motivations and Impacts: God, Gold, and Glory, Columbian Exchange, Triangular Trade, Mercantilism, Colonies (raw materials and markets), African Slave Trade, Raw materials from Americas (sugar, tobacco, cotton, gold).

European Government and Society

• Concepts: Capitalism, Caravel (sailing ship), Colonization, Compass, Conquistador, Dutch East India Company, Isolationism, Joint stock company, Middle passage, Peninsulares, Sextant, Straits of Hormuz, Treaty of Tordesillas, Triangular trade, Bureaucracy, Czar, Grand Embassy, Huguenots, Intendant, Edict of Nantes.

Wars and Conflicts

• Conflict: Royalists (Cavaliers) vs Roundheads (English Civil War)

Test your knowledge on the key figures and institutions of Medieval Europe. This quiz covers important personalities like Edward I and Ferdinand and Isabella, as well as significant societal structures such as the Estates General and guilds. Dive into the pivotal moments and reforms that shaped this historical period.