Podcast
Questions and Answers
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Glycosides = Compounds that yield sugars on hydrolysis Emesis = The act of vomiting Oxidation = A chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons Storage = The process of maintaining a substance over time
Match the following effects with their causes:
Match the following effects with their causes:
Vomiting = Reduced form of glycosides Loss of side effect = Oxidation of glycosides Chemical reaction = Involvement of electrons Time-dependent change = Storage of compounds
Match the following processes with their outcomes:
Match the following processes with their outcomes:
Reduced glycosides = Triggers emesis Storage = Facilitates oxidation Oxidation = Eliminates vomiting effect Hydrolysis = Releases sugars
Match the following terms with their primary functions:
Match the following terms with their primary functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following concepts with their related factors:
Match the following concepts with their related factors:
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following biological factors with their characteristics:
Match the following biological factors with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following moisture-related effects with their corresponding drugs:
Match the following moisture-related effects with their corresponding drugs:
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following categories of biological factors with the examples:
Match the following categories of biological factors with the examples:
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following factors influencing drug stability with their descriptions:
Match the following factors influencing drug stability with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of moulds with their potential effects:
Match the following types of moulds with their potential effects:
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Medicinal Plants PHG 1101 Lecture 4
-
Preparation of Drugs from Plants to Pharmaceuticals
- Cultivation (زراعة)
- Collection (حصاد)
- Drying (تجفيف)
- Packing (تغليف)
- Storage (تخزين)
Packing of Drugs
-
Factors to consider during packing:
- Morphological and chemical nature of the drug
- Climatic conditions during transport
- Storage conditions
-
Types of packing:
- Loose packing
- Packing with pressure
-
Importance of packing:
- Protect the drug sample
- Economical use of space
-
Packing of different plant parts:
- Leaves are baled into a compact mass
- Seeds, fruits, rhizomes, and roots are packed in burlap bags
- Cinnamon bark is packed in quills to facilitate transport and prevent oil volatilization
-
Special packing considerations:
- Moisture-sensitive drugs (e.g., Digitalis) are packed in moisture-proof containers
- Volatile oils are shipped in enamelled cans
- Gums and resins are shipped in barrels or cans
-
Examples of effects of packing on appearance:
- Indian senna leaves are packed into large bales with hydraulic pressure, creating a flatter appearance with oblique lines
- Alexandrian senna leaves are packed loosely
Indication for Geographical source
- Opium is the dried latex from unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum L.
- Collected by incising the capsules using instruments
- Turkish opium appears in sub-cylindrical cakes coated with powdered poppy leaves
- Indian opium is imported in 5 kg blocks, wrapped in two sheets of thin grease-proof paper
- Persian opium appears in brick-shaped cakes, wrapped in red paper
Storage
-
General undesirable changes during storage:
- Aromatic drugs lose their odour
- Absorbent cotton loses its absorbency
- Drugs containing fixed oil may become rancid
- Drugs containing volatile oils may become resinified
-
Exception for some drugs requiring storage for at least one year before use:
- Cascara and Frangula (laxative) barks contain glycosides which may oxidize during storage, losing their emetic effect
Principal factors responsible for deterioration of crude drugs
-
Physiological factors:
- Moisture
- Light
- Temperature
- Oxygen (Air)
-
Biological factors:
- Bacteria
- Molds
- Worms
- Insects
- Rodents
1- Moisture
- Some drugs contain enzymes activated by moisture, leading to hydrolysis (e.g., digitalis)
- Favours growth of bacteria and fungi
Enzymatic Stabilization
-
Temporary (partial stabilization):
- Keep the drug in completely dry conditions in a container with a dehydrating agent.
- Place the dehydrating agent at the top of the container, avoiding direct contact with the drug.
-
Complete (permanent stabilization):
- Expose the fresh drug to alcohol vapors or immerse in alcohol to destroy enzymes.
2- Light (photochemical reaction)
- Digitalis loses its activity with light. Store in dark containers away from light.
3- Temperature
- Temperatures up to 45°C can activate enzymes. Drugs containing volatile oils can lose their aroma at higher temperatures.
4- Oxygen (air)
- Causes oxidation of constituents.
- Linseed oil becomes rancid
- Code-liver oil thickens, darkens, and becomes resinous.
Instructions of Pharmacopeia for crude drug storage
- Moisture-free conditions
- Airtight containers
- Light-proof containers
- Low temperatures
- Store volatile or fixed oils under inert gas to prevent rancidity and resinification
2- Biological factors (control of infestation)
-
Heat treatment
- Temperatures of 60-65°C to kill insect eggs that are not penetrated by insecticides
-
Low temperature storage
- Insects, larvae, and eggs are killed by exposure to sub-freezing temperatures (-10 to -15°C) for 12-18 hours
-
Alternating periods of high and low temperatures are more effective for insect control than prolonged low temperature exposure
-
Liming
- Dip substances in calcium sulphate to coat with a fine powder, clogging breathing tubes of larvae and insect adults (e.g., ginger, nutmeg)
-
Fumigation:
- Uses volatile insecticides (e.g., carbon tetrachloride) in enclosed areas
- T-gas is used for medicinal plants and drugs
- 60Co is used on cereal pests
- Fumigation should be repeated every two weeks to permit hatching eggs, and allows young larvae to be killed.
-
Rodents
- Cause spoilage to drugs during storage
- Drugs in paper, cloth, and wooden containers are affected by rodents; so it's best to store them in glass, plastic, or metal containers.
- ANTU (alpha naphthyl thio urea) is a rodenticides
Adulteration
- Adulteration = debasement of any article
- Sophistication
- Substitution
- Admixture
- Deterioration
- Spoilage
- Inferiority
A. Sophistication or True Adulteration
- Adding inferior material to any article for profit
- Example: Adding wheat flour to ginger to lower costs, while adding capsium for pungency and turmeric for color
B. Substitution
- Replacing one article with another entirely different one
- Example: Replacing Alexandrian senna with Dog Senna
C. Admixture
- Adding one article to another accidentally or through faulty collection
- Example: Collecting a drug at the wrong time or maturity stage
D. Deterioration
- Impairment of drug quality by damaging valuable constituents
- Example: Over-roasting coffee beans resulting in the loss of caffeine
E. Spoilage
- Drug destruction from bacteria or fungi
- Example: Drugs unfit for human consumption
F. Inferiority
- Any substandard condition
- Example: Dried Nux vomica seeds with less than 1.15% strychnine; Addition of olive stones to liquorice; Excessive stems present in collected stramonium leaves
Detection of Adulteration
- Macro- and micro-morphology
- Linear measurements
- Solubility
- Qualitative tests
- Quantitative assays
- Pharmacopeial constants
- Comparison with authentic sample of the drug
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers Lecture 4 of PHG 1101 on the preparation of drugs from plants to pharmaceuticals. It discusses the various factors in drug packing, types of packing methods employed, and special considerations for moisture-sensitive and volatile drugs. Test your knowledge on the cultivation, collection, and storage of medicinal plants.
