Medications and Their Uses

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Questions and Answers

What conditions is Esomeprazole primarily used to treat?

GERD

Besides neuropathic pain, what is another medical condition that Pregabalin is used to treat?

Epilepsy

According to the provided text, what level of scheduling does Tramadol have, and for what severity of pain is it indicated?

Schedule 4, moderate to severe pain

What schedule is Panadeine Forte? For what level of pain is it indicated?

Schedule 4, severe pain Signup and view all the answers

Tapentadol is indicated to treat pain post surgery and is what schedule?

Schedule 8 Signup and view all the answers

What type of pain is Buprenorphine indicated for?

Chronic pain Signup and view all the answers

Panadol Osteo is indicated for persistent pain associated with what condition?

Osteoarthritis Signup and view all the answers

Besides muscular pain, what other type of pain is Panadol Osteo indicated for?

Back pain Signup and view all the answers

Besides pain and fever, what other symptom is Ibuprofen indicated for?

Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Ibuprofen in the context of the text?

Analgesia Signup and view all the answers

How does bradycardia impact saliva production during surgical procedures?

Bradycardia, a decrease in heart rate, can lead to reduced saliva production during surgery. Signup and view all the answers

How is cholecalciferol related to vitamin D deficiency, and what role does it play?

Cholecalciferol is a precursor to vitamin D; therefore, insufficient cholecalciferol can lead to vitamin D deficiency. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary uses of hydrocortisone in treating medical conditions?

Hydrocortisone is primarily used to treat allergies and various skin conditions due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Atorvastatin, and what specific health parameter does it target?

Atorvastatin's primary function is to reduce levels of bad cholesterol in the body. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the dual role of prednisone in treating different types of disorders.

Prednisone acts as both an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant, making it useful in treating allergic disorders. Signup and view all the answers

How does Levodopa address the symptoms and progression of Parkinson's disease?

Levodopa helps manage Parkinson's disease by converting into dopamine in the brain, which alleviates motor symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is experiencing a severe allergic reaction, which medication might be administered, and why?

Hydrocortisone or prednisone might be administered due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant properties. Signup and view all the answers

Could long-term treatment with prednisone increase the risk of certain infections? Explain why or why not.

Yes, because prednisone is an immunosuppressant, it can reduce the body's ability to fight off infections. Signup and view all the answers

An elderly patient is prescribed Atorvastatin. What specific lifestyle changes should they also consider to enhance the drug's effectiveness?

They should consider dietary changes, such as reducing saturated fats, and increasing physical activity to further lower cholesterol levels. Signup and view all the answers

How might a deficiency in cholecalciferol impact bone health, and what condition could it lead to if left untreated?

A deficiency in cholecalciferol can weaken bones and, if untreated, may lead to osteoporosis or rickets due to impaired calcium absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine is indicated for emergency situations such as severe allergic reactions. What physiological effects of epinephrine make it useful in treating these reactions?

Epinephrine works by constricting blood vessels to raise blood pressure and opening airways in the lungs, which helps reverse the symptoms of severe allergic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the mechanism of action of ondansetron in preventing vomiting. Why is it effective for patients undergoing chemotherapy?

Ondansetron blocks serotonin receptors in the vomiting center of the brain and the digestive tract. During chemotherapy, cancer cells die and cause serotonin to be released, which triggers vomiting. Signup and view all the answers

A patient is prescribed both enoxaparin and warfarin. Explain the rationale for using these two anticoagulants concurrently.

Enoxaparin is started first as it is fast acting, while warfarin take several days to reach a therapeutic level. This overlap provides immediate anticoagulation while waiting for warfarin to become effective. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to monitor a patient's blood regularly when they are taking warfarin?

Warfarin's anticoagulant effect needs to be monitored through regular blood tests to ensure the dosage is correct. The goal is to maintain a therapeutic range that prevents blood clots without causing excessive bleeding. Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between the mechanisms of action of clopidogrel and rivaroxaban in preventing thromboembolic events.

Clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation by blocking the ADP receptor on platelets. Rivaroxaban, on the other hand, directly inhibits factor Xa, a key component of the coagulation cascade. Signup and view all the answers

A patient with atrial fibrillation is prescribed apixaban. Describe the significance of choosing apixaban over warfarin in this scenario.

Apixaban is often preferred due to its predictable pharmacokinetics. Unlike warfarin, apixaban does not require intensive monitoring, offers easier dosing, and has fewer interactions. Signup and view all the answers

Metoclopramide is prescribed to a patient experiencing nausea. Explain how this medication works to alleviate nausea.

Metoclopramide works by blocking dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the brain, which reduces nausea. It also increases gastric emptying, moving food through the digestive system faster. Signup and view all the answers

Atropine is used to treat pesticide poisoning by certain nerve agents. How does atropine counteract the effects of these poisons?

Atropine blocks the action of acetylcholine, which accumulates excessively due to the pesticide or nerve agent. By blocking acetylcholine, atropine helps restore normal nerve and muscle function. Signup and view all the answers

Salbutamol is used to treat asthma. Explain how salbutamol works to relieve asthma symptoms.

Salbutamol is a beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist. It works by relaxing the muscles in the airways, which widens the airways and makes it easier to breathe. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference in the routes of administration between heparin and warfarin, and explain why these specific routes are necessary.

Heparin must be administered intravenously or subcutaneously because it is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract due to its large molecular size and negative charge. Warfarin can be administered orally as it is well-absorbed in the GI tract. Signup and view all the answers

A patient with both hypertension and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is prescribed Metoprolol and Metformin. Explain how each medication addresses their respective conditions.

Metoprolol lowers blood pressure by blocking adrenaline's effects on the heart. Metformin improves insulin sensitivity and reduces glucose production in the liver, managing T2DM. Signup and view all the answers

A patient taking Furosemide reports experiencing muscle cramps. What electrolyte imbalance is most likely causing this, and how does Furosemide contribute to it?

Hypokalemia (low potassium) is the likely cause. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that increases potassium excretion in the urine. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the different mechanisms by which Aspirin and Celecoxib reduce pain and inflammation.

Aspirin inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis systemically, while Celecoxib selectively inhibits COX-2, primarily reducing inflammation and pain with fewer gastrointestinal side effects. Signup and view all the answers

Why might a doctor prescribe both Coloxyl and Movicol to a patient experiencing severe constipation?

Coloxyl softens the stool by increasing water and fat penetration, while Movicol increases the amount of water in the stool. The combination provides a dual approach to alleviate constipation. Signup and view all the answers

A patient is prescribed Digoxin for an irregular heartbeat. What is the primary mechanism of action of Digoxin that helps regulate the heart rhythm?

Digoxin inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in heart muscle cells, increasing intracellular sodium and calcium levels. This enhances heart muscle contraction and helps to regulate heart rhythm. Signup and view all the answers

Describe why Aspirin is sometimes prescribed at low doses for patients with a high risk of heart attack or stroke.

Low-dose Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation, reducing the risk of blood clot formation, which can lead to heart attack or stroke. Signup and view all the answers

A patient taking Ramipril is advised to monitor their blood pressure regularly. Explain the mechanism by which Ramipril lowers blood pressure.

Ramipril is an ACE inhibitor. It inhibits the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure. Signup and view all the answers

A patient reports that Paracetamol is not effectively relieving their severe arthritis pain. Explain why Paracetamol is not always the best option for this type of pain.

Paracetamol primarily acts as an analgesic and antipyretic but has limited anti-inflammatory effects, making it less effective for conditions like arthritis where inflammation is a significant component of the pain. Signup and view all the answers

A patient who is prescribed Metformin for T2DM is also taking Furosemide for fluid retention. How might Furosemide affect the management of their diabetes?

Furosemide can cause hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar) as a side effect, potentially counteracting the effects of Metformin and making diabetes management more challenging. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast the uses of Paracetamol and Aspirin. What are the key differences in their applications, considering their mechanism of action and side effects?

Both reduce fever and mild-moderate pain. Aspirin also prevents platelet aggregation; Paracetamol does not. Aspirin is not usually given to children, and can cause stomach ulcers. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Salbutamol

Used to treat asthma by relaxing muscles in the airways, increasing airflow to the lungs.

Metoclopramide

Metoclopramide is an antiemetic used to relieve nausea and vomiting.

Ondansetron

An antiemetic used to prevent nausea and vomiting, especially after surgery or chemotherapy.

Adrenaline

Used in emergency situations to treat severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) by reversing symptoms.