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[Blank] is the branch of medical sciences concerned with the study of the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
[Blank] is the branch of medical sciences concerned with the study of the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
Pharmacology
A drug can be defined as any natural, synthetic, or endogenous molecule that can exert a physiological and/or ______ effect on a cell, tissue, organ, or whole organism.
A drug can be defined as any natural, synthetic, or endogenous molecule that can exert a physiological and/or ______ effect on a cell, tissue, organ, or whole organism.
biochemical
The field of __________ encompasses drug properties, synthesis, molecular mechanisms of action, and cellular communication.
The field of __________ encompasses drug properties, synthesis, molecular mechanisms of action, and cellular communication.
pharmacology
In pharmacology, drugs are also called medication or medicine, and are used for treating, curing, preventing, or diagnosing a disease or to promote health and ______.
In pharmacology, drugs are also called medication or medicine, and are used for treating, curing, preventing, or diagnosing a disease or to promote health and ______.
Traditionally, drugs were obtained through extraction from ______ plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis.
Traditionally, drugs were obtained through extraction from ______ plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis.
The interactions of a drug with a biological system (the body) are ______; the drug interacts with the body, and the body also interacts with the drug.
The interactions of a drug with a biological system (the body) are ______; the drug interacts with the body, and the body also interacts with the drug.
Decoding the genomes of humans and other organisms has opened new doors for research and __________ __________.
Decoding the genomes of humans and other organisms has opened new doors for research and __________ __________.
The guiding principle of medicine, Primum non nocere, translates to 'First do no ______'.
The guiding principle of medicine, Primum non nocere, translates to 'First do no ______'.
______ is what a drug does to the body.
______ is what a drug does to the body.
__________ disorders are a result of heritable abnormalities in an individual's DNA.
__________ disorders are a result of heritable abnormalities in an individual's DNA.
__________ __________ involves inserting a healthy gene into somatic cells to correct a genetic abnormality.
__________ __________ involves inserting a healthy gene into somatic cells to correct a genetic abnormality.
[Blank] are drugs that almost exclusively have harmful effects.
[Blank] are drugs that almost exclusively have harmful effects.
A drug's pharmacodynamics can be affected by physiologic changes due to a disease, ______, or other drugs.
A drug's pharmacodynamics can be affected by physiologic changes due to a disease, ______, or other drugs.
Genetic ______, thyrotoxicosis, and malnutrition can affect pharmacodynamic responses.
Genetic ______, thyrotoxicosis, and malnutrition can affect pharmacodynamic responses.
Increased sensitivity to certain drugs can often be attributed to small genetic modifications that decrease the activity of a particular __________ responsible for eliminating that drug.
Increased sensitivity to certain drugs can often be attributed to small genetic modifications that decrease the activity of a particular __________ responsible for eliminating that drug.
The two main areas of pharmacology deal with the actions of drugs on the body (______) and the fate of drugs in the body (pharmacokinetics).
The two main areas of pharmacology deal with the actions of drugs on the body (______) and the fate of drugs in the body (pharmacokinetics).
Disorders like myasthenia gravis and Parkinson disease, can alter ______ responses.
Disorders like myasthenia gravis and Parkinson disease, can alter ______ responses.
__________ is the study of genetic variations that cause individual differences in drug response.
__________ is the study of genetic variations that cause individual differences in drug response.
Pharmacokinetics involves the ______, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of chemicals from biological systems.
Pharmacokinetics involves the ______, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of chemicals from biological systems.
Pharmacodynamic drug–drug interactions can result in competition for receptor binding sites, or alter ______ response.
Pharmacodynamic drug–drug interactions can result in competition for receptor binding sites, or alter ______ response.
The discovery and development of drugs and __________ has significantly increased lifespan and improved quality of life.
The discovery and development of drugs and __________ has significantly increased lifespan and improved quality of life.
Pharmacology usually overlaps with ______, which is the science of drug preparation; much of it deals with clinical pharmacology/therapeutics.
Pharmacology usually overlaps with ______, which is the science of drug preparation; much of it deals with clinical pharmacology/therapeutics.
[Blank] is the branch of pharmacology dealing with the undesirable effects of drugs on biological processes, or generally the study of poisons.
[Blank] is the branch of pharmacology dealing with the undesirable effects of drugs on biological processes, or generally the study of poisons.
Receptors, the targets of drug action, are macromolecules involved in chemical ______ between and within cells.
Receptors, the targets of drug action, are macromolecules involved in chemical ______ between and within cells.
New scientific insights, sometimes inferred from the development of new mechanisms of action, have been essential, along with __________ __________ __________.
New scientific insights, sometimes inferred from the development of new mechanisms of action, have been essential, along with __________ __________ __________.
The search for __________ __________, agents that treat disease or produce desirable effects without harm, has driven scientific discovery for over a century.
The search for __________ __________, agents that treat disease or produce desirable effects without harm, has driven scientific discovery for over a century.
Receptors can be located on the cell surface membrane, ______ or within the cytoplasm.
Receptors can be located on the cell surface membrane, ______ or within the cytoplasm.
The primary challenge in drug development is identifying, testing, approving, and utilizing drugs that maximize __________ while minimizing __________.
The primary challenge in drug development is identifying, testing, approving, and utilizing drugs that maximize __________ while minimizing __________.
Osmotic diuretics like mannitol create an osmotic load within the renal tubule, resulting in the obligate excretion of ______.
Osmotic diuretics like mannitol create an osmotic load within the renal tubule, resulting in the obligate excretion of ______.
When administered orally, ammonium chloride is metabolized by the liver into urea, while ______ is excreted in the urine, acidifying it.
When administered orally, ammonium chloride is metabolized by the liver into urea, while ______ is excreted in the urine, acidifying it.
The loss of Cl- results in an obligatory loss of ______ in the urine, thus lowering pH.
The loss of Cl- results in an obligatory loss of ______ in the urine, thus lowering pH.
[Blank] such as EDTA can bind to divalent cations like lead.
[Blank] such as EDTA can bind to divalent cations like lead.
Digitalis glycosides increase myocardial contractility by inhibiting the membrane enzyme, ______.
Digitalis glycosides increase myocardial contractility by inhibiting the membrane enzyme, ______.
Sulfonamides act as antibacterial agents by inhibiting the synthesis of ______ in bacteria.
Sulfonamides act as antibacterial agents by inhibiting the synthesis of ______ in bacteria.
General anesthetics are thought to alter the function of membrane proteins by disorganizing the structure of the surrounding ______.
General anesthetics are thought to alter the function of membrane proteins by disorganizing the structure of the surrounding ______.
Aspirin forms a covalent bond with ______, preventing the production of prostaglandins and thromboxane A2.
Aspirin forms a covalent bond with ______, preventing the production of prostaglandins and thromboxane A2.
The anti-clotting effect of aspirin is achieved by preventing the production of ______, a cyclooxygenase produced substance.
The anti-clotting effect of aspirin is achieved by preventing the production of ______, a cyclooxygenase produced substance.
The effects of aspirin, which is covalently bound to cyclooxygenase, can only be reversed by synthesizing new ______ in new ______, a process that takes several days.
The effects of aspirin, which is covalently bound to cyclooxygenase, can only be reversed by synthesizing new ______ in new ______, a process that takes several days.
[Blank] act as targets for antimetabolites and some antibiotics.
[Blank] act as targets for antimetabolites and some antibiotics.
[Blank] bonds are strong bonds that are not readily broken.
[Blank] bonds are strong bonds that are not readily broken.
Flashcards
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
The study of the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
Drug
Drug
Any natural, synthetic, or endogenous molecule that exerts a physiological or biochemical effect on a cell, tissue, organ, or organism.
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics
The actions of a drug on the body, involving interactions between chemicals and biological receptors.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
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Pharmacy
Pharmacy
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Clinical Pharmacology/Therapeutics
Clinical Pharmacology/Therapeutics
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Toxicology
Toxicology
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Drug Source
Drug Source
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Poisons
Poisons
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Xenobiotics
Xenobiotics
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Pharmacology's Scope
Pharmacology's Scope
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Genomics in Pharmacology
Genomics in Pharmacology
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Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics
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Importance of Drugs
Importance of Drugs
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Alternative Treatments
Alternative Treatments
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Magic Bullets
Magic Bullets
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Drug Development Goal
Drug Development Goal
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Double-Blind Trial
Double-Blind Trial
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Gene Therapy
Gene Therapy
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Genetic Disease
Genetic Disease
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Primum non nocere
Primum non nocere
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Receptor Site
Receptor Site
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Factors Affecting Pharmacodynamics
Factors Affecting Pharmacodynamics
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Drug Receptors
Drug Receptors
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Osmotic Diuretics (Mannitol)
Osmotic Diuretics (Mannitol)
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Magnesium Sulfate (as a laxative)
Magnesium Sulfate (as a laxative)
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Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Chloride
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Drug Approval Processes
Drug Approval Processes
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Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interactions
Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interactions
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Cl- Loss Effect on Urine pH
Cl- Loss Effect on Urine pH
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Chelating Agents
Chelating Agents
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Enzyme Inhibition by Drugs
Enzyme Inhibition by Drugs
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Digitalis Mechanism
Digitalis Mechanism
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Selective Toxicity
Selective Toxicity
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Sulfonamide Action
Sulfonamide Action
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Antimetabolites
Antimetabolites
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Non-Specific Drug Binding
Non-Specific Drug Binding
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Covalent Bonds (Drugs)
Covalent Bonds (Drugs)
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Aspirin's Covalent Action
Aspirin's Covalent Action
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Study Notes
- Pharmacology studies the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs, spanning from natural to synthetic origins exert physiological or biochemical effects on organisms.
- Drugs, also called medications, are used for treating, curing, preventing, or diagnosing diseases, and for health promotion.
- Historically derived from medicinal plants, drugs are now also created through organic synthesis.
- Drug interactions with biological systems are bidirectional.
- Over 350,000 drugs have been approved worldwide.
- There are over 147 Diclofenac-sodium and 60 Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) preparations available in some countries.
- Most drugs have a single international name but may have various trade names.
- Historically, pharmacologically active substances, such as those from plants and animals, were used to combat diseases.
- Drugs can consist of molecules synthesized in the body, like hormones or neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine), or xenobiotics not synthesized in the body.
- Poisons almost exclusively have harmful effects.
- Pharmacology comes from the Greek words 'pharmakon' (drug or poison) and 'logos' (word or discourse).
- The key areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics (drug actions on the body) and pharmacokinetics (drug fate in the body).
- In broad terms, pharmacodynamics studies drug and biological receptor interactions.
- Pharmacokinetics studies the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) of chemicals in biosystems.
- Pharmacology commonly overlaps with pharmacy (drug preparation) and includes clinical pharmacology/therapeutics (drug use for disease treatment).
- Toxicology studies harmful drug effects on biosystems, and studies poisons.
- Pharmacology integrates drug properties, synthesis, mechanisms of action, and cellular communication.
- Understanding the genetic basis of diseases and drug responses is enhanced by decoded genomes, with potential for gene therapy and personalized medicine.
- Pharmacogenomics studies the genetic factors behind individual differences in drug responses.
- Drug discovery has increased lifespan and improved quality of life.
- New scientific insights, along with controlled clinical trials, have been essential to this progress.
- Finding "magic bullets" to treat diseases or give desirable effects without harm has driven scientific discovery for over 100 years.
- Approving and using drugs which maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity is a challenge.
- Focus on "primum non nocere": "First do no harm" due to risks, ensuring safety>efficacy in drug approval and prescription.
Pharmacodynamics
- Studies the biochemical, physiologic, and molecular impacts of drugs, including receptor interactions and chemical effects.
- Drug binding to its target defines the pharmacologic response.
- A drug's effect is impacted by its concentration at the receptor site.
- A drug's pharmacodynamics can be altered by disease, aging, or other drugs.
- Disorders affecting pharmacodynamic responses include genetic mutations, and forms of insulin-resistant diabetes.
- Receptor sensitivity can be affected by these disorders.
- Aging can alter receptor binding or postreceptor sensitivity.
- Drug-drug interactions can compete for receptor binding sites, or change postreceptor response.
Drug Receptors
- Upon entering the body are distributed to their site of action.
- Receptors, located in the target tissue or organ, are macromolecules involved in cellular communication.
- Receptors may be located on the cell surface, membrane, nucleus, or cytoplasm.
- For exerting an effect, drugs bind to specific cell receptors.
- Other targets of drug include:
- Water: Osmotic diuretics such as mannitol cause excretion by creating an osmotic load in the kidney.
- Hydrogen ions: Ammonium chloride acidifies urine via liver metabolism, resulting in chloride loss.
- Metal ions: Chelating agents such as EDTA bind divalent actions to treat poisoning.
- Enzymes: They serve as target for therapeutically useful drugs, inhibiting via competitive or irreversible blockade.
- Nucleic Acids: Targeted by antimetabolites such as 5-Fluorouracil
- Some drugs, e.g. general anaesthetics, non-specifically alter membrane protein function
Drug-Receptor Bonds
- 3 types: covalent, electrostatic, and hydrophobic.
- Covalent bonds are very strong and not easily broken.
- Aspirin, which forms a covalent bond with cyclooxygenase, its target, and its effect is irreversible.
- Electrostatic bonds are more common and weaker.
- They encompass ionic linkages, hydrogen bonds, and Van Der Waals forces.
- Hydrophobic interactions occur when molecules avoid water.
- Usually found in the interactions between highly lipid-soluble drugs and lipids in the cell membranes.
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Description
Pharmacology studies drugs' uses, effects, and actions, natural to synthetic, on organisms. Drugs treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose diseases and promote health. They can be synthesized or derived from natural sources and interact bidirectionally with biological systems.
