Medications and Their Uses in Medicine
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Questions and Answers

Which condition is NOT indicated for the use of drugs that strengthen the heart?

  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Chronic migraine (correct)
  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Heart failure

What should be done if a patient's pulse is less than 60 bpm while administering heart-strengthening drugs?

  • Withhold the drug and notify the prescriber (correct)
  • Administer an additional medication
  • Continue administering the drug
  • Increase the dosage

What is a common side effect of Diazepam?

  • Increased appetite
  • Vision changes
  • High blood pressure
  • Dry mouth (correct)

Which mechanism does Diazepam primarily affect in the body?

<p>Potentiates the effects of GABA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored in elderly patients taking Diazepam?

<p>Dizziness and mental status changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from a deficiency of Vitamin D?

<p>Alkalosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of Dexamethasone?

<p>Weight gain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom might indicate digitalis toxicity?

<p>Excessively slow pulse rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Digoxin affect intracellular calcium levels?

<p>Inhibits sodium pump activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be monitored in patients on Dexamethasone?

<p>Electrolyte levels (C), Blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should diabetic patients be aware of when taking Dexamethasone?

<p>Increased need for insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can be caused by Digoxin aside from its intended effects?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological side effects can occur with high-dose therapy of Dexamethasone?

<p>Depression or psychotic episodes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Theophylline®?

<p>To relax and open bronchial air passages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common adverse reaction is associated with Theophylline®?

<p>Constipation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Calcium Chloride 10% IV have on the body?

<p>Increases calcium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might dosage of Theophylline® need to be increased in habitual smokers?

<p>Smoking causes the drug to be metabolized faster (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical monitoring parameter when administering Theophylline®?

<p>Fluid intake and output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of effect can Theophylline® have on the heart?

<p>Increase conduction through the AV node (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of Calcium Chloride administration?

<p>Burning sensation at IV sites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition does Theophylline® help prevent?

<p>Asthma attacks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Calcium Gluconate 10%?

<p>To overcome cardiac toxicity of hyperkalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored frequently when treating hypercalcemia?

<p>Calcium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the calcium level be maintained in treatment?

<p>Between 9 to 10.4 mg/dl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from large doses of calcium in patients with chronic renal failure?

<p>Hypermagnesemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can calcium channel blocking agent toxicity lead to?

<p>Bradycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with Vitamin D deficiency?

<p>Hypocalcemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of hypercalcemia?

<p>Constipation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might occur with the use of calcium gluconate in cardiopulmonary resuscitation?

<p>Improvement of myocardial contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of abruptly withdrawing a drug after long-term use?

<p>Acute CNS withdrawal symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition does Dobutrex® (Dobutamine) primarily treat?

<p>Cardiac decompensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors does Dobutamine stimulate?

<p>Beta 1 adrenergic receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What side effects might be associated with the use of Dobutamine?

<p>Headaches and fatigue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following causes skeletal muscle relaxation?

<p>Status epilepticus treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could happen to patients with atrial fibrillation when treated with Dobutamine?

<p>Rapid ventricular heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Dobutrex® as an adrenergic agonist?

<p>It increases myocardial contraction strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur during preoperative sedation?

<p>CNS depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Intropin® primarily used for?

<p>To correct hemodynamic imbalance in shock syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors does Intropin® act on?

<p>Both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of higher doses of Intropin®?

<p>Stimulation of alpha receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to its primary uses, what else can Intropin® do during infusion?

<p>Increase central venous pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT treated with Intropin®?

<p>Renal failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known side effect of Intropin® usage?

<p>Increased heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which patient monitoring is essential during Intropin® infusion?

<p>ECG, blood pressure, and pulse rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of the positive inotropic action of Intropin® on the myocardium?

<p>Increase in systolic and pulse pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Theophylline's effect on the heart

Theophylline increases heart rate and conduction through the SA and AV nodes.

Theophylline's use

Bronchodilator to relax bronchial smooth muscles, easing breathing in conditions like asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema.

Theophylline side effects

Nausea, vomiting, shock, drowsiness, headaches, nervousness, palpitation, and ventricular fibrillation are possible side effects.

Theophylline dosage adjustments

Smokers may need higher doses due to faster metabolism.

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Calcium Chloride IV use

Replaces and maintains calcium levels in the body.

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Calcium Chloride IV potential side effects

Pain, burning at injection site, hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiac arrhythmias.

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Monitoring for Theophylline

Monitor vital signs, fluid intake and output.

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Adverse reactions with Theophylline

Adverse reactions (like dry mouth and constipation) vary with dosage.

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What does Diazepam do?

Diazepam is a benzodiazepine that potentiates the effects of GABA, depresses the CNS, and suppresses activity.

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What is Diazepam used to treat?

Diazepam is used to manage anxiety, treat seizures, and aid in endoscopic procedures.

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What are some common side effects of Diazepam?

Nausea, dry mouth, headaches, rash, tachycardia, respiratory distress, and ECG changes are possible side effects.

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Who should be monitored when taking Diazepam?

Elderly patients should be monitored for dizziness, ataxia, and mental status changes. They are at a higher risk for falls.

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What is important to know about Diazepam?

Use of Diazepam may lead to abuse and addiction.

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Calcium Gluconate 10% IV push

Used to treat cardiac toxicity from hyperkalemia and in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

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Hyperkalemia

High potassium levels in the blood, a medical emergency.

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Hypocalcemia

Low calcium levels in the blood.

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Hypercalcemia Management

High calcium, monitor levels, keep below 12 mg/dL.

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Calcium Level Range

Maintain calcium levels between 9 and 10.4 mg/dL.

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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Emergency procedure to restore heartbeat and breathing.

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Neonatal Tetany

Muscle spasms in newborns, often due to calcium deficiency

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Hyperparathyroidism

An overactive parathyroid gland.

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Dexamethasone

A corticosteroid medication (like Decadron®) used to reduce inflammation, primarily by stabilizing leukocyte lysosomal membranes.

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Dexamethasone Side Effects

Dexamethasone can cause side effects like hypertension, headaches, heart failure, weight gain, and electrolyte imbalances.

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Dexamethasone and Glucose

Diabetic patients may require increased insulin doses while on dexamethasone due to potential for hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).

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Digoxin (Lanoxin®)

A cardiac glycoside (like Lanoxin®) that acts as an inotropic, increasing heart contractility. It works by inhibiting the sodium pump, increasing intracellular calcium.

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Digoxin's Action

Digoxin corrects tachycardia (fast heart rate) and helps maintain a slow, steady, regular heartbeat.

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Digoxin Side Effects

Digoxin can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, diarrhea, dysrhythmias, blurry vision, and excessively slow heart rate.

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Digoxin Toxicity

A sign of digoxin toxicity is an excessively slow pulse rate (below 60 beats per minute).

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Calcium Chloride IV

An intravenous solution of calcium chloride used to replace and maintain calcium levels in the body.

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What is Dobutrex® (Dobutamine)?

Dobutrex® (Dobutamine) is a drug that works as a vasopressor and adrenergic agonist, specifically stimulating beta 1 receptors in the heart, increasing heart contractility and cardiac output.

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What are the uses of Dobutrex® (Dobutamine)?

Dobutrex® (Dobutamine) treats short-term cardiac decompensation resulting from depressed myocardial contractility, due to either organic heart disease or cardiac surgery.

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What are the side effects of Dobutrex® (Dobutamine)?

Side effects of Dobutrex® (Dobutamine) include headaches, fatigue, shortness of breath, mild tremors, nervousness.

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How does Dobutrex® (Dobutamine) affect the heart?

Dobutrex® (Dobutamine) stimulates beta 1 receptors in the heart, increasing contractility and cardiac output. It can also increase heart rate, as it affects AV node conduction.

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What are the monitoring considerations for Dobutrex® (Dobutamine) treatment?

It is important to monitor ECG, blood pressure, cardiac output, and urine output during Dobutrex® (Dobutamine) treatment.

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How should Dobutrex® (Dobutamine) be withdrawn after long-term use?

Dobutrex® (Dobutamine) should not be withdrawn abruptly after long-term use to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

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What are the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms include CNS depression, sedation, hypnosis, skeletal muscle relaxation, and anticonvulsant effects depending on dosage.

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What happens when alcohol is withdrawn abruptly after long-term use?

Abrupt alcohol withdrawal after long-term use can lead to withdrawal symptoms including tremors, seizures, delirium, and even death.

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What is Intropin®?

Intropin® is a medication containing dopamine hydrochloride used for treating hemodynamic imbalances in various conditions like shock.

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How does Intropin® work?

Intropin® works by stimulating alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, as well as specific dopaminergic receptors in the body.

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Intropin®'s Effects

Intropin® has both positive inotropic effects (increasing heart contractions) and vasoconstricting effects (narrowing blood vessels).

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What are the common side effects of Intropin®?

Common side effects of Intropin® include nausea, vomiting, hypertension, angina pain, palpitations, headache, and increased blood pressure.

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What are potential dangers with high Intropin® doses?

Higher doses of Intropin® can activate alpha receptors more strongly, leading to vasoconstriction and a possible risk of MI (cardiogenic shock).

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Important monitoring during Intropin® infusion

During Intropin® infusion, it's crucial to monitor ECG, blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulse rate, and urine output frequently.

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What is the key use of Intropin®?

Intropin® is primarily used to correct hemodynamic imbalances in shock syndromes, often associated with trauma, sepsis, open heart surgery, and congestive heart failure.

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Intropin®'s main action on the heart

Intropin® increases cardiac output by enhancing myocardial contractility, leading to increased systolic and pulse pressure.

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Study Notes

Medications and Uses

  • Epinephrine (Adrenaline): Used to start heartbeat in cardiac arrest, treat acute asthma attacks, hemostasis, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis, and allergic reactions. Dosage adjustment is needed in anesthesia and shock treatment.
  • Atropine Sulfate: A muscarinic antagonist, used to treat bradycardia, suppress secretions during surgery, and decrease syncope in local anesthetic application.
  • Aminophylline (Theophylline): A bronchodilator that relaxes bronchial smooth muscles.
  • Calcium Chloride 10% IV: Used in the treatment of acute hypokalemia, tetany, Vitamin D deficiency, alkalosis, insect bites/stings. Maintains calcium levels, improves myocardial contractions in cardiac disturbances. Monitor levels closely.
  • Calcium Gluconate 10% IV: Used for cardiac toxicity of hyperkalemia, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (repolarization), neonatal tetany. Vitamin D deficiency and alkalosis
  • Dexamethasone (Decadron): An anti-inflammatory corticosteroid. Decreases inflammation, stabilizes leukocyte lysosomal membranes, and suppresses the immune response.
  • Digoxin (Lanoxin): A cardiac glycoside that inhibits the sodium pump to improve heart muscle contractility, effective in heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and atrial tachycardia.
  • Diazepam (Valium): An anti-convulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative. Potentiates GABA effects, depresses CNS, and suppresses seizures. Use carefully in elderly patients due to increased sensitivity.
  • Dobutamine Hydrochloride (Dobutrex): An adrenergic agonist, which stimulates beta receptors to elevate heart contractility and output. This is used to treat adults with cardiac decompensation due to decreased myocardial contractility. Monitor heart rate and other vital signs closely during administration.
  • Dopamine Hydrochloride (Intropin): A sympathomimetic amine that acts on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, increasing cardiac contractility. Used in cardiogenic shock, trauma and endotoxic septicemia, septic shock, surgical applications to correct the hemodynamic imbalance. Monitor carefully.
  • Furosemide (Lasix): A loop diuretic that inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the tubules, increasing fluid excretion. Treatment for hyperkalemia. Monitor fluid and electrolytes, and assess patient for potential side effects.
  • Hydrocortisone: Used for severe inflammation, adrenal insufficiency, endocrine, hematologic, GI, respiratory, rheumatic, and collagen disorders. Also used to prevent fat embolism in patients with long bone fractures.
  • Isoproterenol Hydrochloride (Isuprel): A beta-adrenergic agonist that relaxes vascular smooth muscles and stimulates the heart. It's used to treat shock, including cardiogenic shock and bacteremic shock. Also used to relax bronchial muscles in conditions like asthma. Watch for high heart rates.
  • Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and anti-arrhythmic. Used for the treatment of ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia
  • Methylprednisolone: A corticosteroid that blocks inflammation and is used in a variety of diseases, including hematologic, allergic, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases.
  • Naloxone Hydrochloride: A narcotic opioid antagonist. It reverses the effects of opiates, frequently used in cases where opioid overdoses have occurred. Monitor respiratory rates.
  • Propranolol Hydrochloride (Inderal): A beta-blocker used to manage tremors, angina, hypertension, and heart rhythm disorders. Monitor cardiac output.
  • Sodium Bicarbonate: Used for low blood pressure in cardiac arrest situations.
  • Succinylcholine Chloride (Anectine): A depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant. Used in surgeries to induce relaxation; check for potential muscle paralysis. Monitor heart rates and use with caution
  • Thiopental Sodium (Diprivan): A barbiturate used as general anesthetic. Used for calming the patient down, check respiratory rates frequently.

Nursing Considerations

  • Close observation: Necessary for all drug administrations to monitor for adverse reactions that could occur, especially concerning heart rate.
  • Vital Signs Monitoring: Critical with many medications, especially those affecting the cardiovascular system.
  • Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Important to monitor with many medications, especially diuretics.

Equipment

  • Defibrillator: Crucial in emergency situations.
  • Suction Devices: Used in cardiac arrest situations to clear airways
  • Intubation equipment: Required for various medical procedures, essential for inserting tubes into airways.

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Description

Explore the various medications commonly used in medical practice, including their specific indications and applications. This quiz covers critical drugs like Epinephrine, Atropine, and Calcium Chloride, among others. Test your knowledge on dosages, mechanisms, and therapeutic uses.

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