Medication Administration Basics

Routes of Administration:
- Oral: tablets, capsules, liquids.
- Parenteral: injections (IV, IM, SC).
- Topical: creams, ointments, patches.
- Inhalation: nebulizers, inhalers.
Five Rights of Medication Administration:
- Right Patient
- Right Medication
- Right Dose
- Right Route
- Right Time
Preparation:
- Verify prescription accuracy.
- Check expiration dates.
- Use appropriate techniques (aseptic for injections).

Common Side Effects:
- Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue.
Monitoring:
- Regular assessment of patient responses.
- Documenting side effects in medical records.
Interventions:
- Adjusting dosage or changing medication if severe.
- Providing education on managing mild side effects.

Four Phases:
1. Absorption: How medication enters the bloodstream.
2. Distribution: How medication disperses throughout the body.
3. Metabolism: Conversion of medication into active or inactive forms (often in the liver).
4. Excretion: Removal of medication from the body (mainly via kidneys).
Factors Affecting Pharmacokinetics:
- Age, weight, genetics, and health status.
- Presence of food or other drugs.

Major Classes:
- Analgesics: Pain relief (e.g., NSAIDs, opioids).
- Antibiotics: Treat bacterial infections (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins).
- Antihypertensives: Lower blood pressure (e.g., ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers).
- Antidepressants: Treat depression (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs).
- Anticoagulants: Prevent blood clots (e.g., warfarin, heparin).
Importance: Understanding classifications aids in:
- Appropriate prescribing.
- Anticipating side effects.
- Recognizing drug interactions.

Mechanism of Action:
- How drugs produce their effects on the body.
- Interaction with receptors (agonists vs. antagonists).
Dose-Response Relationship:
- Correlation between drug dose and its therapeutic effect.
- Concept of potency and efficacy.
Therapeutic Index:
- The ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose.
- Indicates safety margin of the drug.

Basic Concepts:
- Structure of neurons: dendrites, axon, synapse.
- Transmission of signals: action potentials and neurotransmitter release.
Neurotransmitters:
- Key players in drug action (e.g., dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine).
Drug Effects on Neurophysiology:
- Influence on mood, cognition, and motor function.
- Potential for addiction and withdrawal symptoms with certain medications (e.g., opioids, antidepressants).

Routes of administration include oral (tablets, capsules, liquids), parenteral (injections: IV, IM, SC), topical (creams, ointments, patches), and inhalation (nebulizers, inhalers).
Five rights of medication administration ensure patient safety: right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, and right time.
Preparation involves verifying prescription accuracy, checking expiration dates, and using aseptic techniques for injections.

Common side effects of medications may include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and fatigue.
Regular monitoring of patient responses is crucial, with documentation of any side effects in medical records.
Interventions for severe side effects can include adjusting the dosage or changing medications, alongside educating patients on managing mild side effects.

Four phases of pharmacokinetics are absorption (entry into the bloodstream), distribution (dispersion throughout the body), metabolism (conversion in the liver), and excretion (removal via kidneys).
Factors affecting pharmacokinetics include age, weight, genetics, health status, and the presence of food or other drugs.

Major classes of drugs include analgesics (pain relief: NSAIDs, opioids), antibiotics (bacterial infections: penicillins, cephalosporins), antihypertensives (lower blood pressure: ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers), antidepressants (depression treatment: SSRIs, SNRIs), and anticoagulants (prevent blood clots: warfarin, heparin).
Understanding drug classifications aids in appropriate prescribing, anticipating side effects, and recognizing potential drug interactions.

Pharmacodynamics describes how drugs produce their effects on the body, primarily through interaction with receptors (agonists vs. antagonists).
The dose-response relationship illustrates the correlation between drug dose and therapeutic effect, emphasizing concepts of potency and efficacy.
The therapeutic index indicates the safety margin of a drug, defined as the ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose.

Basic structure of neurons includes dendrites, axon, and synapse, which facilitate signal transmission via action potentials and neurotransmitter release.
Neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine play crucial roles in drug action.
Drugs can influence mood, cognition, and motor function, with certain medications (e.g., opioids, antidepressants) posing risks for addiction and withdrawal symptoms.

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Cultural values and societal norms significantly influence perceptions of admiration.
Charismatic individuals tend to attract admiration due to their ability to connect with others emotionally.
Achievements, whether in personal or professional life, can enhance someone's standing as admirable.
Empathy and selflessness in actions contribute to the respect and admiration a person garners from their community.

Marketers employ psychological principles, such as scarcity and social proof, to trigger consumer urgency and interest.
Use of bold visuals and catchy slogans aims to create a memorable impact on the audience.
Emotional appeals are often utilized to establish a deeper connection with potential customers.
Personalized marketing techniques enhance engagement by catering to individual preferences and behaviors.
The concept of cognitive biases, like confirmation bias, shapes marketing strategies to align with consumer beliefs and attitudes.

Young people's experiences foster key life skills, such as problem-solving, resilience, and emotional intelligence.
Social interactions during childhood teach the importance of empathy, cooperation, and communication.
Early failures and setbacks are critical for developing perseverance and coping strategies.
The influence of role models helps shape values, aspirations, and behaviors in adolescents.
Critical thinking skills often emerge through exposure to diverse perspectives and experiences.

Advancements in medical science contribute to longer life expectancy and improved health outcomes.
Technology facilitates access to information, promoting education and awareness on various topics.
Innovations in renewable energy can lead to sustainable living and environmental preservation.
Scientific research enhances food security through agricultural advancements and biotechnology.
Technology improves quality of life through enhanced communication, transportation, and accessibility.