Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What type of equipment is used for both nonsterile and sterile compounding?
Why should equipment used for hazardous drugs be dedicated and sanitized after use?
What is the purpose of calibrating equipment regularly?
Why should metal spatulas not be used with compounds containing metal ions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of assigning conservative expiration dates for ingredients without expiration dates?
Signup and view all the answers
What information should be included on the label of pharmacy preparation containers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of surfactants in pharmacy preparations?
Signup and view all the answers
What do surfactants do to make ingredients more miscible in pharmacy preparations?
Signup and view all the answers
What structures do surfactants form to stabilize emulsions and keep oil droplets dispersed?
Signup and view all the answers
In what ways do surfactants have practical uses in drug delivery and manufacturing processes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of wetting agents in pharmacy preparations?
Signup and view all the answers
What do emulsifiers do in pharmacy preparations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of suspending agents in pharmacy preparations?
Signup and view all the answers
What do levigating agents aid in for pharmaceutical preparations?
Signup and view all the answers
Which compounding equipment is commonly used for weighing and eliminates the need to calculate the minimum weighable quantity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the preferred material for porcelain mortars used in a compounding pharmacy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of sieves in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the sensitivity requirement (SR) for torsion balances?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the minimum weighable quantity for medicine droppers calculated based on?
Signup and view all the answers
What material are spatulas used in compounding typically made of?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of pipettes in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What must be used to handle external weights for torsion balances to avoid oil contamination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of oral syringes in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of medicine droppers in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of balance is commonly used for weighing quantities >1 gram?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the minimum requirement for the number of mortars and pestles in a compounding pharmacy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which equipment provides more accurate measurements for volume?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most accurate for measuring small volumes and administering medication to children and animals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main concern when using oral syringes in an acute care setting?
Signup and view all the answers
What is commonly used for sterile compounding to transfer drugs and additives into IV bags?
Signup and view all the answers
What is used to make secure, leak-free connections between syringes, catheters, and IV lines?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be avoided to prevent contamination when using syringes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is crucial when measuring the volume in a graduate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for injecting medication into an IV bag or directly into a vein or catheter?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be considered when measuring volumes to minimize errors?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be avoided when opening sterile syringe packages to prevent contamination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is important to prevent the plunger from becoming dislodged when drawing up medication?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be avoided to minimize measuring errors when using a graduate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of ointment mills and homogenizers in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the material commonly used for making ointment slabs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of tube sealers in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary material used to make capsules for compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of hot plates with magnetic stirrers in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of using molds, tablet presses, and capsule machines in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended source for high-quality ingredients in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of electric grinders dedicated to compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main concern when using microwave ovens for heating in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of refrigeration in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of using rubber spatulas in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of ointment slabs in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
Compound equipment used for non-sterile compounding is also used for sterile compounding
Signup and view all the answers
Equipment used for hazardous drugs should be shared with non-hazardous drugs preparation
Signup and view all the answers
Calibration of equipment is not necessary for complex equipment
Signup and view all the answers
Metal spatulas should be used with compounds containing metal ions
Signup and view all the answers
Oral syringes are only used for IV drug administration
Signup and view all the answers
Pipettes can be used by patients to take medication
Signup and view all the answers
Torsion balances have a sensitivity requirement (SR) of 6 mg
Signup and view all the answers
The top-loading electronic balance eliminates the need to calculate the minimum weighable quantity
Signup and view all the answers
Porcelain mortars have a rough surface and are preferred for blending powders
Signup and view all the answers
Sieves are used to ensure a non-uniform particle size after a powder has been ground fine
Signup and view all the answers
Spatulas are only made of stainless steel
Signup and view all the answers
Medicine droppers come in graduated and non-graduated versions and are used to release drops of medication
Signup and view all the answers
Mortars and pestles are not used to grind substances
Signup and view all the answers
Safety measures for oral syringes include using brightly colored plungers/caps
Signup and view all the answers
The minimum weighable quantity for droppers is not calculated based on the sensitivity requirement and acceptable error rate
Signup and view all the answers
Medicine droppers are not used to release drops of medication
Signup and view all the answers
Surfactants form micelle structures to stabilize emulsions and keep oil droplets dispersed
Signup and view all the answers
Wetting agents reduce surface tension between liquid and solid, aiding in spreading
Signup and view all the answers
Levigating agents aid in grinding particles for pharmaceutical preparations
Signup and view all the answers
Pharmacists assign conservative expiration dates for ingredients without expiration dates
Signup and view all the answers
Expiration dates are crucial for potency and safety of pharmacy products
Signup and view all the answers
Surfactants added to salad dressing lower the tension between oil and water phases
Signup and view all the answers
Surfactants lower surface tension to make ingredients more miscible in pharmacy preparations
Signup and view all the answers
Emulsifiers keep immiscible liquids dispersed in emulsions
Signup and view all the answers
Suspending agents prevent solid particles from settling in suspensions
Signup and view all the answers
Understanding of surfactants is not important for pharmacy preparations
Signup and view all the answers
Label on containers should include date of receipt and assigned expiration date
Signup and view all the answers
Pharmacy preparations, like oil and vinegar salad dressing, can have multiple phases
Signup and view all the answers
Oral syringes are not accurate for measuring small volumes and are not useful for administering medication to children and animals.
Signup and view all the answers
Hypodermic syringes are not commonly used for sterile compounding to transfer drugs and additives into IV bags and do not require careful handling to avoid contamination.
Signup and view all the answers
Luer locks are not used to make secure, leak-free connections between syringes, catheters, and IV lines, ensuring safe administration of medication.
Signup and view all the answers
Syringes should be touched to ensure proper handling and to avoid contamination.
Signup and view all the answers
When measuring the volume in a graduate, it is not important to read the level at the bottom of the meniscus and avoid shedding particles into the sterile space when opening sterile syringe packages.
Signup and view all the answers
The use of syringes for injecting medication into an IV bag or directly into a vein or catheter is not known as an IV push and does not require careful handling to ensure accurate administration.
Signup and view all the answers
When measuring volumes, it is not crucial to consider the measuring capacity of the graduate and avoid using a graduate for volumes less than 20% of its capacity to minimize measuring errors.
Signup and view all the answers
Oral syringes should not be used cautiously in an acute care setting to prevent patients from receiving oral medications as injections, which can be fatal.
Signup and view all the answers
Syringes should not be touched to avoid contamination, and the correct size syringe should not be chosen for drawing up medication to prevent the plunger from becoming dislodged.
Signup and view all the answers
It is not important to avoid needle-stick injuries when recapping syringes and to use syringes with safety features, such as safety shields, to improve patient safety.
Signup and view all the answers
Graduates, such as graduated cylinders and conical graduates, are not used to measure volume, with graduated cylinders providing more accurate measurements than conical graduates.
Signup and view all the answers
It is not important to select a device with a measuring capacity equal to or slightly larger than the amount being measured to ensure accuracy.
Signup and view all the answers
Ointment mills and homogenizers are used to grind and homogenize semi-solid preparations, with the latter being similar to a powerful smoothie blender.
Signup and view all the answers
Hot plates with magnetic stirrers are employed to continuously stir mixtures, dissolve and mix ingredients, and hasten chemical reactions.
Signup and view all the answers
Tube sealers are used to heat and seal the ends of tubes, similar to the crimped end of a toothpaste tube.
Signup and view all the answers
High-quality ingredients are listed in the USP-NF or FCC substances list, and should preferably be manufactured at an FDA-registered facility.
Signup and view all the answers
If any substance is transferred to a different container, the new container should be labeled with the component name, original supplier, lot or control number, transfer date, and expiration date.
Signup and view all the answers
Ointment slabs, made of porcelain or glass, are only used for mixing ointments and other preparations, and cannot serve as a work surface for compounding activities.
Signup and view all the answers
Microwave ovens are not used for heating in compounding due to the risk of uneven heat distribution.
Signup and view all the answers
Capsules for compounding come in soft gels or hard shells, made of gelatin (pork-derived), hypromellose, or similar plant-derived products, with various sizes available for human and veterinary use.
Signup and view all the answers
Electric grinders, dedicated to compounding, are used to grind hard tablets, requiring further preparation to produce a fine powder.
Signup and view all the answers
Molds, tablet presses, and capsule machines are used for preparing tablets, lozenges, and suppositories, with refrigeration helping soft products retain their shape.
Signup and view all the answers
All medications, compounded or not, comprise active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients, with high-quality ingredients recommended for purity and safety.
Signup and view all the answers
The type of spatula used in compounding depends on the ingredients being handled, with steel spatulas suitable for mixtures containing metallic ions and rubber spatulas used for corrosive materials.
Signup and view all the answers
Which functional groups are most susceptible to hydrolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of hydrolysis in compounds?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the beneficial product of hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)?
Signup and view all the answers
How can hydrolysis be prevented in compounds?
Signup and view all the answers
Which compound's ionization is determined by its pKa when placed in a solution with a set pH?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of water is commonly used as a solvent, delivery vehicle, and for cleaning equipment and tools in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
Which solvent is used for reconstitution and preparation of suspensions in non-sterile compounding preparations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of sterile water for injection (SWFI) in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of buffers used to maintain alkaline pH in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
Which compound is used as a buffer to maintain neutral pH in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of using purified water in compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines how much of a compound is ionized when placed into a solution with a set pH?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be chosen to reduce hygroscopicity and water absorption, preventing degradation from hydrolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which reaction can be utilized for prodrugs to release the active drug?
Signup and view all the answers
What is crucial for preventing rapid hydrolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of drug degradation can be prevented with light protection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which excipients help retain pH and prevent microbial growth, ensuring drug stability?
Signup and view all the answers
What do major excipients like binders, diluents, and disintegrants serve in drug formulation?
Signup and view all the answers
What do excipients like starches, cellulose, and alginates facilitate in tablet formulation?
Signup and view all the answers
What are crucial for preventing degradation from UV light exposure and heat?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of preservatives in drug preparations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of buffers in drug formulations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of light protection in drug storage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of prodrug formulations in ensuring drug stability?
Signup and view all the answers
Hydrolysis only affects esters and lactams, not amides.
Signup and view all the answers
Hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) results in the formation of acetic acid and salicylic acid.
Signup and view all the answers
Hygroscopic salt helps prevent hydrolysis by absorbing water.
Signup and view all the answers
Light exposure, metal ions, and changes in temperature and pH can favor hydrolysis of compounds.
Signup and view all the answers
Buffer systems can maintain pH levels in a solution through the presence of ionized compounds.
Signup and view all the answers
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to calculate the pH of a buffer system.
Signup and view all the answers
Purified water, unless otherwise specified, is the recommended solvent for compounding.
Signup and view all the answers
Sterile water for injection (SWFI) must be free of bacterial endotoxins.
Signup and view all the answers
Bacteriostatic water for injection contains antimicrobial preservatives.
Signup and view all the answers
Potable water is commonly used for reconstitution of sterile drugs.
Signup and view all the answers
Sodium bicarbonate/sodium carbonate is used to maintain acidic pH.
Signup and view all the answers
Buffers used to maintain neutral pH include sodium biphosphate/sodium phosphate.
Signup and view all the answers
Salt forms of drugs can be chosen to reduce hygroscopicity and water absorption, preventing degradation from hydrolysis.
Signup and view all the answers
Prodrug formulations can control temperature, pH, and moisture to prevent degradation and ensure drug stability.
Signup and view all the answers
Hydrolysis reactions can be utilized for prodrugs to release the active drug, for example, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) hydrolyzes to salicylic acid and acetic acid.
Signup and view all the answers
Temperature control is crucial for preventing rapid hydrolysis, as higher temperatures accelerate this reaction.
Signup and view all the answers
UV light exposure can cause photolysis and drug degradation, which can be prevented with light protection.
Signup and view all the answers
Drugs sensitive to light exposure include ascorbic acid, folic acid, nitroprusside, and phytonadione injection.
Signup and view all the answers
Other reactions that degrade drugs include isomerization, epimerization, and decarboxylation, which can be prevented by proper storage and handling.
Signup and view all the answers
Excipients such as buffers and preservatives help retain pH and prevent microbial growth, ensuring drug stability.
Signup and view all the answers
Light protection, tightly sealed packaging, and proper storage conditions are essential to prevent degradation from UV light exposure and heat.
Signup and view all the answers
Major excipients like binders, diluents, disintegrants, flavorings, lubricants, and preservatives serve different purposes in drug formulation.
Signup and view all the answers
Excipients like starches, cellulose, and alginates facilitate tablet disintegration and absorption in the small intestine.
Signup and view all the answers
Preservatives, such as alcohols and acids, are crucial for preventing microbial growth in most drug preparations, except for sterile or single-use preparations. Buffers help maintain pH within a certain range to improve stability and solubility.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Measuring and Using Syringes for Medication Administration
- Pharmacists and nurses use various equipment to measure and administer medication, including oral syringes and pipettes.
- It is important to select a device with a measuring capacity equal to or slightly larger than the amount being measured to ensure accuracy.
- Graduates, such as graduated cylinders and conical graduates, are used to measure volume, with graduated cylinders providing more accurate measurements than conical graduates.
- Oral syringes are most accurate for measuring small volumes and are useful for administering medication to children and animals.
- Oral syringes should be used cautiously in an acute care setting to prevent patients from receiving oral medications as injections, which can be fatal.
- Hypodermic syringes are commonly used for sterile compounding to transfer drugs and additives into IV bags and require careful handling to avoid contamination.
- It is important to avoid needle-stick injuries when recapping syringes and to use syringes with safety features, such as safety shields, to improve patient safety.
- Luer locks are used to make secure, leak-free connections between syringes, catheters, and IV lines, ensuring safe administration of medication.
- Syringes should not be touched to avoid contamination, and the correct size syringe should be chosen for drawing up medication to prevent the plunger from becoming dislodged.
- When measuring the volume in a graduate, it is important to read the level at the bottom of the meniscus and avoid shedding particles into the sterile space when opening sterile syringe packages.
- The use of syringes for injecting medication into an IV bag or directly into a vein or catheter is known as an IV push and requires careful handling to ensure accurate administration.
- When measuring volumes, it is crucial to consider the measuring capacity of the graduate and avoid using a graduate for volumes less than 20% of its capacity to minimize measuring errors.
Pharmacy Compounding Equipment and Processes
- The type of spatula used in compounding depends on the ingredients being handled, with steel spatulas unsuitable for mixtures containing metallic ions and rubber spatulas used for corrosive materials.
- Ointment slabs, made of porcelain or glass, are used for mixing ointments and other preparations, and can also serve as a work surface for compounding activities.
- Ointment mills and homogenizers are used to grind and homogenize semi-solid preparations, with the latter being similar to a powerful smoothie blender.
- Electric grinders, dedicated to compounding, are used to grind hard tablets, requiring further preparation to produce a fine powder.
- Hot plates with magnetic stirrers are employed to continuously stir mixtures, dissolve and mix ingredients, and hasten chemical reactions.
- Capsules for compounding come in soft gels or hard shells, made of gelatin (pork-derived), hypromellose, or similar plant-derived products, with various sizes available for human and veterinary use.
- Tube sealers are used to heat and seal the ends of tubes, similar to the crimped end of a toothpaste tube.
- Microwave ovens are used for heating, but care must be taken to ensure uniform heat distribution.
- Molds, tablet presses, and capsule machines are used for preparing tablets, lozenges, and suppositories, with refrigeration helping soft products retain their shape.
- All medications, compounded or not, comprise active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients, with high-quality ingredients recommended for purity and safety.
- High-quality ingredients are listed in the USP-NF or FCC substances list, and should preferably be manufactured at an FDA-registered facility.
- If any substance is transferred to a different container, the new container should be labeled with the component name, original supplier, lot or control number, transfer date, and expiration date.
Pharmacy Compounding Equipment and Processes
- The type of spatula used in compounding depends on the ingredients being handled, with steel spatulas unsuitable for mixtures containing metallic ions and rubber spatulas used for corrosive materials.
- Ointment slabs, made of porcelain or glass, are used for mixing ointments and other preparations, and can also serve as a work surface for compounding activities.
- Ointment mills and homogenizers are used to grind and homogenize semi-solid preparations, with the latter being similar to a powerful smoothie blender.
- Electric grinders, dedicated to compounding, are used to grind hard tablets, requiring further preparation to produce a fine powder.
- Hot plates with magnetic stirrers are employed to continuously stir mixtures, dissolve and mix ingredients, and hasten chemical reactions.
- Capsules for compounding come in soft gels or hard shells, made of gelatin (pork-derived), hypromellose, or similar plant-derived products, with various sizes available for human and veterinary use.
- Tube sealers are used to heat and seal the ends of tubes, similar to the crimped end of a toothpaste tube.
- Microwave ovens are used for heating, but care must be taken to ensure uniform heat distribution.
- Molds, tablet presses, and capsule machines are used for preparing tablets, lozenges, and suppositories, with refrigeration helping soft products retain their shape.
- All medications, compounded or not, comprise active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients, with high-quality ingredients recommended for purity and safety.
- High-quality ingredients are listed in the USP-NF or FCC substances list, and should preferably be manufactured at an FDA-registered facility.
- If any substance is transferred to a different container, the new container should be labeled with the component name, original supplier, lot or control number, transfer date, and expiration date.
Drug Stability and Degradation: Formulation and Excipients
- Salt forms of drugs can be chosen to reduce hygroscopicity and water absorption, preventing degradation from hydrolysis.
- Prodrug formulations can control temperature, pH, and moisture to prevent degradation and ensure drug stability.
- Hydrolysis reactions can be utilized for prodrugs to release the active drug, for example, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) hydrolyzes to salicylic acid and acetic acid.
- Temperature control is crucial for preventing rapid hydrolysis, as higher temperatures accelerate this reaction.
- UV light exposure can cause photolysis and drug degradation, which can be prevented with light protection.
- Drugs sensitive to light exposure include ascorbic acid, folic acid, nitroprusside, and phytonadione injection.
- Other reactions that degrade drugs include isomerization, epimerization, and decarboxylation, which can be prevented by proper storage and handling.
- Excipients such as buffers and preservatives help retain pH and prevent microbial growth, ensuring drug stability.
- Light protection, tightly sealed packaging, and proper storage conditions are essential to prevent degradation from UV light exposure and heat.
- Major excipients like binders, diluents, disintegrants, flavorings, lubricants, and preservatives serve different purposes in drug formulation.
- Excipients like starches, cellulose, and alginates facilitate tablet disintegration and absorption in the small intestine.
- Preservatives, such as alcohols and acids, are crucial for preventing microbial growth in most drug preparations, except for sterile or single-use preparations. Buffers help maintain pH within a certain range to improve stability and solubility.
Drug Stability and Degradation: Formulation and Excipients
- Salt forms of drugs can be chosen to reduce hygroscopicity and water absorption, preventing degradation from hydrolysis.
- Prodrug formulations can control temperature, pH, and moisture to prevent degradation and ensure drug stability.
- Hydrolysis reactions can be utilized for prodrugs to release the active drug, for example, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) hydrolyzes to salicylic acid and acetic acid.
- Temperature control is crucial for preventing rapid hydrolysis, as higher temperatures accelerate this reaction.
- UV light exposure can cause photolysis and drug degradation, which can be prevented with light protection.
- Drugs sensitive to light exposure include ascorbic acid, folic acid, nitroprusside, and phytonadione injection.
- Other reactions that degrade drugs include isomerization, epimerization, and decarboxylation, which can be prevented by proper storage and handling.
- Excipients such as buffers and preservatives help retain pH and prevent microbial growth, ensuring drug stability.
- Light protection, tightly sealed packaging, and proper storage conditions are essential to prevent degradation from UV light exposure and heat.
- Major excipients like binders, diluents, disintegrants, flavorings, lubricants, and preservatives serve different purposes in drug formulation.
- Excipients like starches, cellulose, and alginates facilitate tablet disintegration and absorption in the small intestine.
- Preservatives, such as alcohols and acids, are crucial for preventing microbial growth in most drug preparations, except for sterile or single-use preparations. Buffers help maintain pH within a certain range to improve stability and solubility.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge of medication administration and pharmacy compounding equipment with this quiz. Learn about measuring and using syringes for accurate dosage, as well as the tools and processes involved in pharmacy compounding. Brush up on safety measures, equipment selection, and handling requirements for various pharmaceutical preparations.
