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Questions and Answers
What type of equipment is used for both nonsterile and sterile compounding?
Why should equipment used for hazardous drugs be dedicated and sanitized after use?
What is the purpose of calibrating equipment regularly?
Why should metal spatulas not be used with compounds containing metal ions?
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What is the purpose of assigning conservative expiration dates for ingredients without expiration dates?
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What information should be included on the label of pharmacy preparation containers?
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What is the role of surfactants in pharmacy preparations?
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What do surfactants do to make ingredients more miscible in pharmacy preparations?
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What structures do surfactants form to stabilize emulsions and keep oil droplets dispersed?
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In what ways do surfactants have practical uses in drug delivery and manufacturing processes?
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What is the primary function of wetting agents in pharmacy preparations?
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What do emulsifiers do in pharmacy preparations?
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What is the role of suspending agents in pharmacy preparations?
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What do levigating agents aid in for pharmaceutical preparations?
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Which compounding equipment is commonly used for weighing and eliminates the need to calculate the minimum weighable quantity?
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What is the preferred material for porcelain mortars used in a compounding pharmacy?
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What is the purpose of sieves in compounding?
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What is the sensitivity requirement (SR) for torsion balances?
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What is the minimum weighable quantity for medicine droppers calculated based on?
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What material are spatulas used in compounding typically made of?
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What is the purpose of pipettes in compounding?
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What must be used to handle external weights for torsion balances to avoid oil contamination?
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What is the primary purpose of oral syringes in compounding?
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What is the primary purpose of medicine droppers in compounding?
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What type of balance is commonly used for weighing quantities >1 gram?
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What is the minimum requirement for the number of mortars and pestles in a compounding pharmacy?
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Which equipment provides more accurate measurements for volume?
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What is the most accurate for measuring small volumes and administering medication to children and animals?
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What is the main concern when using oral syringes in an acute care setting?
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What is commonly used for sterile compounding to transfer drugs and additives into IV bags?
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What is used to make secure, leak-free connections between syringes, catheters, and IV lines?
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What should be avoided to prevent contamination when using syringes?
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What is crucial when measuring the volume in a graduate?
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What is the term for injecting medication into an IV bag or directly into a vein or catheter?
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What should be considered when measuring volumes to minimize errors?
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What should be avoided when opening sterile syringe packages to prevent contamination?
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What is important to prevent the plunger from becoming dislodged when drawing up medication?
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What should be avoided to minimize measuring errors when using a graduate?
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What is the primary purpose of ointment mills and homogenizers in compounding?
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What is the material commonly used for making ointment slabs?
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What is the purpose of tube sealers in compounding?
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What is the primary material used to make capsules for compounding?
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What is the function of hot plates with magnetic stirrers in compounding?
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What is the purpose of using molds, tablet presses, and capsule machines in compounding?
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What is the recommended source for high-quality ingredients in compounding?
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What is the primary function of electric grinders dedicated to compounding?
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What is the main concern when using microwave ovens for heating in compounding?
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What is the function of refrigeration in compounding?
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What is the primary purpose of using rubber spatulas in compounding?
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What is the function of ointment slabs in compounding?
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Compound equipment used for non-sterile compounding is also used for sterile compounding
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Equipment used for hazardous drugs should be shared with non-hazardous drugs preparation
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Calibration of equipment is not necessary for complex equipment
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Metal spatulas should be used with compounds containing metal ions
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Oral syringes are only used for IV drug administration
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Pipettes can be used by patients to take medication
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Torsion balances have a sensitivity requirement (SR) of 6 mg
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The top-loading electronic balance eliminates the need to calculate the minimum weighable quantity
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Porcelain mortars have a rough surface and are preferred for blending powders
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Sieves are used to ensure a non-uniform particle size after a powder has been ground fine
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Spatulas are only made of stainless steel
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Medicine droppers come in graduated and non-graduated versions and are used to release drops of medication
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Mortars and pestles are not used to grind substances
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Safety measures for oral syringes include using brightly colored plungers/caps
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The minimum weighable quantity for droppers is not calculated based on the sensitivity requirement and acceptable error rate
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Medicine droppers are not used to release drops of medication
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Surfactants form micelle structures to stabilize emulsions and keep oil droplets dispersed
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Wetting agents reduce surface tension between liquid and solid, aiding in spreading
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Levigating agents aid in grinding particles for pharmaceutical preparations
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Pharmacists assign conservative expiration dates for ingredients without expiration dates
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Expiration dates are crucial for potency and safety of pharmacy products
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Surfactants added to salad dressing lower the tension between oil and water phases
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Surfactants lower surface tension to make ingredients more miscible in pharmacy preparations
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Emulsifiers keep immiscible liquids dispersed in emulsions
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Suspending agents prevent solid particles from settling in suspensions
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Understanding of surfactants is not important for pharmacy preparations
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Label on containers should include date of receipt and assigned expiration date
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Pharmacy preparations, like oil and vinegar salad dressing, can have multiple phases
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Oral syringes are not accurate for measuring small volumes and are not useful for administering medication to children and animals.
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Hypodermic syringes are not commonly used for sterile compounding to transfer drugs and additives into IV bags and do not require careful handling to avoid contamination.
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Luer locks are not used to make secure, leak-free connections between syringes, catheters, and IV lines, ensuring safe administration of medication.
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Syringes should be touched to ensure proper handling and to avoid contamination.
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When measuring the volume in a graduate, it is not important to read the level at the bottom of the meniscus and avoid shedding particles into the sterile space when opening sterile syringe packages.
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The use of syringes for injecting medication into an IV bag or directly into a vein or catheter is not known as an IV push and does not require careful handling to ensure accurate administration.
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When measuring volumes, it is not crucial to consider the measuring capacity of the graduate and avoid using a graduate for volumes less than 20% of its capacity to minimize measuring errors.
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Oral syringes should not be used cautiously in an acute care setting to prevent patients from receiving oral medications as injections, which can be fatal.
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Syringes should not be touched to avoid contamination, and the correct size syringe should not be chosen for drawing up medication to prevent the plunger from becoming dislodged.
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It is not important to avoid needle-stick injuries when recapping syringes and to use syringes with safety features, such as safety shields, to improve patient safety.
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Graduates, such as graduated cylinders and conical graduates, are not used to measure volume, with graduated cylinders providing more accurate measurements than conical graduates.
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It is not important to select a device with a measuring capacity equal to or slightly larger than the amount being measured to ensure accuracy.
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Ointment mills and homogenizers are used to grind and homogenize semi-solid preparations, with the latter being similar to a powerful smoothie blender.
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Hot plates with magnetic stirrers are employed to continuously stir mixtures, dissolve and mix ingredients, and hasten chemical reactions.
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Tube sealers are used to heat and seal the ends of tubes, similar to the crimped end of a toothpaste tube.
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High-quality ingredients are listed in the USP-NF or FCC substances list, and should preferably be manufactured at an FDA-registered facility.
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If any substance is transferred to a different container, the new container should be labeled with the component name, original supplier, lot or control number, transfer date, and expiration date.
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Ointment slabs, made of porcelain or glass, are only used for mixing ointments and other preparations, and cannot serve as a work surface for compounding activities.
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Microwave ovens are not used for heating in compounding due to the risk of uneven heat distribution.
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Capsules for compounding come in soft gels or hard shells, made of gelatin (pork-derived), hypromellose, or similar plant-derived products, with various sizes available for human and veterinary use.
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Electric grinders, dedicated to compounding, are used to grind hard tablets, requiring further preparation to produce a fine powder.
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Molds, tablet presses, and capsule machines are used for preparing tablets, lozenges, and suppositories, with refrigeration helping soft products retain their shape.
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All medications, compounded or not, comprise active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients, with high-quality ingredients recommended for purity and safety.
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The type of spatula used in compounding depends on the ingredients being handled, with steel spatulas suitable for mixtures containing metallic ions and rubber spatulas used for corrosive materials.
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Which functional groups are most susceptible to hydrolysis?
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What is the primary cause of hydrolysis in compounds?
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What is the beneficial product of hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)?
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How can hydrolysis be prevented in compounds?
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Which compound's ionization is determined by its pKa when placed in a solution with a set pH?
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What type of water is commonly used as a solvent, delivery vehicle, and for cleaning equipment and tools in compounding?
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Which solvent is used for reconstitution and preparation of suspensions in non-sterile compounding preparations?
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What is the primary purpose of sterile water for injection (SWFI) in compounding?
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What is the main function of buffers used to maintain alkaline pH in compounding?
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Which compound is used as a buffer to maintain neutral pH in compounding?
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What is the primary purpose of using purified water in compounding?
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What determines how much of a compound is ionized when placed into a solution with a set pH?
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What can be chosen to reduce hygroscopicity and water absorption, preventing degradation from hydrolysis?
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Which reaction can be utilized for prodrugs to release the active drug?
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What is crucial for preventing rapid hydrolysis?
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Which type of drug degradation can be prevented with light protection?
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Which excipients help retain pH and prevent microbial growth, ensuring drug stability?
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What do major excipients like binders, diluents, and disintegrants serve in drug formulation?
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What do excipients like starches, cellulose, and alginates facilitate in tablet formulation?
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What are crucial for preventing degradation from UV light exposure and heat?
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What is the primary function of preservatives in drug preparations?
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What is the role of buffers in drug formulations?
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What is the purpose of light protection in drug storage?
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What is the function of prodrug formulations in ensuring drug stability?
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Hydrolysis only affects esters and lactams, not amides.
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Hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) results in the formation of acetic acid and salicylic acid.
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Hygroscopic salt helps prevent hydrolysis by absorbing water.
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Light exposure, metal ions, and changes in temperature and pH can favor hydrolysis of compounds.
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Buffer systems can maintain pH levels in a solution through the presence of ionized compounds.
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The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to calculate the pH of a buffer system.
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Purified water, unless otherwise specified, is the recommended solvent for compounding.
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Sterile water for injection (SWFI) must be free of bacterial endotoxins.
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Bacteriostatic water for injection contains antimicrobial preservatives.
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Potable water is commonly used for reconstitution of sterile drugs.
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Sodium bicarbonate/sodium carbonate is used to maintain acidic pH.
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Buffers used to maintain neutral pH include sodium biphosphate/sodium phosphate.
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Salt forms of drugs can be chosen to reduce hygroscopicity and water absorption, preventing degradation from hydrolysis.
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Prodrug formulations can control temperature, pH, and moisture to prevent degradation and ensure drug stability.
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Hydrolysis reactions can be utilized for prodrugs to release the active drug, for example, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) hydrolyzes to salicylic acid and acetic acid.
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Temperature control is crucial for preventing rapid hydrolysis, as higher temperatures accelerate this reaction.
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UV light exposure can cause photolysis and drug degradation, which can be prevented with light protection.
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Drugs sensitive to light exposure include ascorbic acid, folic acid, nitroprusside, and phytonadione injection.
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Other reactions that degrade drugs include isomerization, epimerization, and decarboxylation, which can be prevented by proper storage and handling.
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Excipients such as buffers and preservatives help retain pH and prevent microbial growth, ensuring drug stability.
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Light protection, tightly sealed packaging, and proper storage conditions are essential to prevent degradation from UV light exposure and heat.
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Major excipients like binders, diluents, disintegrants, flavorings, lubricants, and preservatives serve different purposes in drug formulation.
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Excipients like starches, cellulose, and alginates facilitate tablet disintegration and absorption in the small intestine.
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Preservatives, such as alcohols and acids, are crucial for preventing microbial growth in most drug preparations, except for sterile or single-use preparations. Buffers help maintain pH within a certain range to improve stability and solubility.
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Study Notes
Measuring and Using Syringes for Medication Administration
- Pharmacists and nurses use various equipment to measure and administer medication, including oral syringes and pipettes.
- It is important to select a device with a measuring capacity equal to or slightly larger than the amount being measured to ensure accuracy.
- Graduates, such as graduated cylinders and conical graduates, are used to measure volume, with graduated cylinders providing more accurate measurements than conical graduates.
- Oral syringes are most accurate for measuring small volumes and are useful for administering medication to children and animals.
- Oral syringes should be used cautiously in an acute care setting to prevent patients from receiving oral medications as injections, which can be fatal.
- Hypodermic syringes are commonly used for sterile compounding to transfer drugs and additives into IV bags and require careful handling to avoid contamination.
- It is important to avoid needle-stick injuries when recapping syringes and to use syringes with safety features, such as safety shields, to improve patient safety.
- Luer locks are used to make secure, leak-free connections between syringes, catheters, and IV lines, ensuring safe administration of medication.
- Syringes should not be touched to avoid contamination, and the correct size syringe should be chosen for drawing up medication to prevent the plunger from becoming dislodged.
- When measuring the volume in a graduate, it is important to read the level at the bottom of the meniscus and avoid shedding particles into the sterile space when opening sterile syringe packages.
- The use of syringes for injecting medication into an IV bag or directly into a vein or catheter is known as an IV push and requires careful handling to ensure accurate administration.
- When measuring volumes, it is crucial to consider the measuring capacity of the graduate and avoid using a graduate for volumes less than 20% of its capacity to minimize measuring errors.
Pharmacy Compounding Equipment and Processes
- The type of spatula used in compounding depends on the ingredients being handled, with steel spatulas unsuitable for mixtures containing metallic ions and rubber spatulas used for corrosive materials.
- Ointment slabs, made of porcelain or glass, are used for mixing ointments and other preparations, and can also serve as a work surface for compounding activities.
- Ointment mills and homogenizers are used to grind and homogenize semi-solid preparations, with the latter being similar to a powerful smoothie blender.
- Electric grinders, dedicated to compounding, are used to grind hard tablets, requiring further preparation to produce a fine powder.
- Hot plates with magnetic stirrers are employed to continuously stir mixtures, dissolve and mix ingredients, and hasten chemical reactions.
- Capsules for compounding come in soft gels or hard shells, made of gelatin (pork-derived), hypromellose, or similar plant-derived products, with various sizes available for human and veterinary use.
- Tube sealers are used to heat and seal the ends of tubes, similar to the crimped end of a toothpaste tube.
- Microwave ovens are used for heating, but care must be taken to ensure uniform heat distribution.
- Molds, tablet presses, and capsule machines are used for preparing tablets, lozenges, and suppositories, with refrigeration helping soft products retain their shape.
- All medications, compounded or not, comprise active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients, with high-quality ingredients recommended for purity and safety.
- High-quality ingredients are listed in the USP-NF or FCC substances list, and should preferably be manufactured at an FDA-registered facility.
- If any substance is transferred to a different container, the new container should be labeled with the component name, original supplier, lot or control number, transfer date, and expiration date.
Pharmacy Compounding Equipment and Processes
- The type of spatula used in compounding depends on the ingredients being handled, with steel spatulas unsuitable for mixtures containing metallic ions and rubber spatulas used for corrosive materials.
- Ointment slabs, made of porcelain or glass, are used for mixing ointments and other preparations, and can also serve as a work surface for compounding activities.
- Ointment mills and homogenizers are used to grind and homogenize semi-solid preparations, with the latter being similar to a powerful smoothie blender.
- Electric grinders, dedicated to compounding, are used to grind hard tablets, requiring further preparation to produce a fine powder.
- Hot plates with magnetic stirrers are employed to continuously stir mixtures, dissolve and mix ingredients, and hasten chemical reactions.
- Capsules for compounding come in soft gels or hard shells, made of gelatin (pork-derived), hypromellose, or similar plant-derived products, with various sizes available for human and veterinary use.
- Tube sealers are used to heat and seal the ends of tubes, similar to the crimped end of a toothpaste tube.
- Microwave ovens are used for heating, but care must be taken to ensure uniform heat distribution.
- Molds, tablet presses, and capsule machines are used for preparing tablets, lozenges, and suppositories, with refrigeration helping soft products retain their shape.
- All medications, compounded or not, comprise active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients, with high-quality ingredients recommended for purity and safety.
- High-quality ingredients are listed in the USP-NF or FCC substances list, and should preferably be manufactured at an FDA-registered facility.
- If any substance is transferred to a different container, the new container should be labeled with the component name, original supplier, lot or control number, transfer date, and expiration date.
Drug Stability and Degradation: Formulation and Excipients
- Salt forms of drugs can be chosen to reduce hygroscopicity and water absorption, preventing degradation from hydrolysis.
- Prodrug formulations can control temperature, pH, and moisture to prevent degradation and ensure drug stability.
- Hydrolysis reactions can be utilized for prodrugs to release the active drug, for example, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) hydrolyzes to salicylic acid and acetic acid.
- Temperature control is crucial for preventing rapid hydrolysis, as higher temperatures accelerate this reaction.
- UV light exposure can cause photolysis and drug degradation, which can be prevented with light protection.
- Drugs sensitive to light exposure include ascorbic acid, folic acid, nitroprusside, and phytonadione injection.
- Other reactions that degrade drugs include isomerization, epimerization, and decarboxylation, which can be prevented by proper storage and handling.
- Excipients such as buffers and preservatives help retain pH and prevent microbial growth, ensuring drug stability.
- Light protection, tightly sealed packaging, and proper storage conditions are essential to prevent degradation from UV light exposure and heat.
- Major excipients like binders, diluents, disintegrants, flavorings, lubricants, and preservatives serve different purposes in drug formulation.
- Excipients like starches, cellulose, and alginates facilitate tablet disintegration and absorption in the small intestine.
- Preservatives, such as alcohols and acids, are crucial for preventing microbial growth in most drug preparations, except for sterile or single-use preparations. Buffers help maintain pH within a certain range to improve stability and solubility.
Drug Stability and Degradation: Formulation and Excipients
- Salt forms of drugs can be chosen to reduce hygroscopicity and water absorption, preventing degradation from hydrolysis.
- Prodrug formulations can control temperature, pH, and moisture to prevent degradation and ensure drug stability.
- Hydrolysis reactions can be utilized for prodrugs to release the active drug, for example, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) hydrolyzes to salicylic acid and acetic acid.
- Temperature control is crucial for preventing rapid hydrolysis, as higher temperatures accelerate this reaction.
- UV light exposure can cause photolysis and drug degradation, which can be prevented with light protection.
- Drugs sensitive to light exposure include ascorbic acid, folic acid, nitroprusside, and phytonadione injection.
- Other reactions that degrade drugs include isomerization, epimerization, and decarboxylation, which can be prevented by proper storage and handling.
- Excipients such as buffers and preservatives help retain pH and prevent microbial growth, ensuring drug stability.
- Light protection, tightly sealed packaging, and proper storage conditions are essential to prevent degradation from UV light exposure and heat.
- Major excipients like binders, diluents, disintegrants, flavorings, lubricants, and preservatives serve different purposes in drug formulation.
- Excipients like starches, cellulose, and alginates facilitate tablet disintegration and absorption in the small intestine.
- Preservatives, such as alcohols and acids, are crucial for preventing microbial growth in most drug preparations, except for sterile or single-use preparations. Buffers help maintain pH within a certain range to improve stability and solubility.
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Description
Test your knowledge of medication administration and pharmacy compounding equipment with this quiz. Learn about measuring and using syringes for accurate dosage, as well as the tools and processes involved in pharmacy compounding. Brush up on safety measures, equipment selection, and handling requirements for various pharmaceutical preparations.
