Medical Terminology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of transudate?

Low protein content

Few cells, mainly mesothelial cells and cellular debris

High specific gravity (correct)

Mainly albumin, low fibrinogen

What is the main difference between transudate and exudate?

Transudate is caused by inflammation, while exudate is caused by increased capillary pressure.

Transudate is found in the interstitial fluid, while exudate is found in the blood.

Transudate is non-inflammatory, while exudate is inflammatory. (correct)

Transudate has a high protein content, while exudate has a low protein content.

Which of the following is a possible cause of dehydration?

Sodium and water retention

Lymphatic obstruction

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Severe vomiting (correct)

What is the main feature of dehydration?

Loss of water without loss of sodium (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic clinical presentation of overhydration?

Disordered cerebral function, including nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, and in severe cases, convulsions, coma, and even death. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that can cause edema?

Cellular dehydration (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between transudate and exudate in terms of their protein content?

Transudate has a lower protein content, while exudate has a higher protein content. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main trigger of the coagulation cascade?

Exposed tissue factor (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of dehydration?

Intense thirst, mental confusion, and fever (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for extravasation of blood into the tissues with resultant swelling?

Hematoma (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a larger subcutaneous hematoma (colloquially called bruise)?

Ecchymoses (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between primary and secondary hemostasis?

Primary hemostasis is the formation of the initial platelet plug, while secondary hemostasis is the formation of a stable fibrin clot. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the coagulation cascade?

To form a stable fibrin clot (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of dissolving the fibrin clot and restoring blood flow?

Antithrombotic counterregulation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three elements involved in both hemostasis and thrombosis?

The vascular wall, platelets, and the coagulation cascade (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hemorrhage?

Increased blood pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for cyanosis in passive hyperemia?

Accumulation of venous blood in the affected area (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT an example of active hyperemia?

Congestion of the liver in cirrhosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of hyperemia?

Redness and raised temperature in the affected area (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between hyperemia and congestion?

Hyperemia involves increased inflow, while congestion involves impaired outflow. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main contributing factor to sudden weight gain in overhydration?

Increased fluid accumulation in the body (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of systemic venous congestion?

Left-sided heart failure (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main pathological consequence of dilated and congested capillaries in passive hyperemia?

Minute intra-alveolar hemorrhages (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a reduction in plasma electrolytes and plasma proteins?

Overhydration (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of "white" infarcts?

Arterial occlusions in organs with end-arterial circulations (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock is characterized by a systemic immune response to a microbial infection, leading to vasodilation and venous blood pooling?

Septic shock (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of prolonged shock?

Irreversible tissue injury (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of cardiogenic shock?

Myocardial infarction (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe tissue death caused by an occlusion of the vascular supply?

Infarction (B) Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the intrinsic pathway in the cascade?

Contact with a negatively charged surface (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a thrombus?

An intravascular mass formed from blood constituents (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily contributes to the development of venous thrombi?

Stasis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of venous thrombi compared to arterial thrombi?

More enmeshed red cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which description accurately distinguishes postmortem clots from red thrombi?

Gelatinous with a distinct color gradient (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of systemic embolization?

Ischemic necrosis of downstream tissues (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is thromboembolism?

A dislodged thrombus causing an embolism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are vegetations in relation to thrombi?

Thrombi on heart valves (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the mechanism underlying hyperemia?

Active process resulting from arteriolar dilation and increased blood inflow. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal and excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces?

Oedema (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of inadequate hemostasis?

Thrombosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of congested tissues?

Blue-red color due to accumulation of deoxygenated hemoglobin. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between hyperemia and congestion?

Hyperemia is active and caused by increased blood inflow, while congestion is passive and caused by impaired venous outflow. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a localized oedema?

Lymphatic oedema (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the migration of a blood clot through the circulation?

Embolism (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hemostasis

Hemostasis is the process of blood clotting, preventing excessive bleeding after blood vessel damage.
Inadequate hemostasis can lead to hemorrhage, potentially causing hypotension, shock, and death.
Inappropriate clotting (thrombosis) or clot migration (embolism) can obstruct blood vessels.
Ischemic cell death (infarction) is a potential consequence.
Myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and cerebrovascular accident are major causes of morbidity and death in developed countries, linked to thromboembolism.

Hyperemia and Congestion

Hyperemia and congestion both involve increased blood volume in tissues but have different mechanisms.
Hyperemia is an active process caused by arteriolar dilation and increased blood flow, seen in inflammation or exercise.
Congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood. It can be systemic (e.g., heart failure) or local (e.g., venous obstruction).

Oedema

Oedema is the abnormal accumulation of free fluid in interstitial tissue spaces and serous cavities.
Free fluid in body cavities is called effusion (e.g., ascites in the peritoneal cavity).
Free fluid in interstitial space is called oedema.
Oedema can be localized (e.g., limb) or generalised (e.g., systemic).
Oedema is caused by factors like increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, increased capillary permeability, and sodium/water retention.
Transudates have low protein content and are often associated with cardiac or renal diseases.
Exudates have high protein content and inflammation.

Dehydration

Dehydration is a state of pure water loss, leading to sodium retention (hypernatremia).
Clinical symptoms include intense thirst, mental confusion, fever, and oliguria.
Causes include gastrointestinal losses (vomiting, diarrhea), renal losses (diabetes insipidus), excessive perspiration and through skin (burns, injuries).

Overhydration

Overhydration is an increased extracellular fluid volume due to pure water excess or water intoxication.
Symptoms include disordered cerebral function (nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, and convulsions), potentially leading to coma/death.
Causes include excessive unmonitored intravenous fluid infusions, and renal retention of sodium and water (e.g., congestive heart failure).

Disturbances in Blood Volume

Hyperemia and congestion describe localised increases in blood volume within dilated vessels of an organ or tissue.
Active (arterial) hyperemia results from increased blood inflow due to arteriolar dilation.
Passive (venous) hyperemia arises from impaired venous drainage, leading to decreased outflow.

Active Hyperemia

Active hyperemia is the increased blood flow due to vasodilation of arterioles and capillaries.
The process is driven by sympathetic neurogenic mechanisms or vasoactive substances.
Examples include inflammation (e.g., congested vessels in pneumonia) and blushing.

Passive Hyperemia (Venous Congestion)

Passive hyperemia (congestion) refers to impaired venous drainage and accumulation of blood in veins and capillaries, leading to bluish discolouration (cyanosis) and swelling in tissues.
Venous congestion can be local (e.g., portal obstruction) or systemic (e.g., heart failure).
This condition can cause tissue damage and rupture of blood vessels.

Haemorrhage

Haemorrhage is the escape of blood from blood vessels, either externally or internally into serous cavities.
Haematoma is the extravasated blood collected in tissues, leading to swelling.
Petechiae are small haemorrhages, purpura are larger, and ecchymoses are subcutaneous haemorrhages (bruises).
Common causes include trauma, spontaneous haemorrhage (e.g., aneurysm), inflammation, and neoplasia.
The severity of hemorrhage depends on the amount, speed of loss, and site of bleeding.

Haemorrhage Effects

Haemorrhage effects depend on amount, speed, and location.
Significant loss (over 20%) can lead to clinical effects, sudden/rapid loss over 33% may be fatal.

Hemostasis and Thrombosis

Normal hemostasis maintains a clot-free state in vessels, promoting rapid clot formation at injuries.
Thrombosis is the problematic counterpart, involving clot formation in intact vessels.
Both processes involve the vascular wall, platelets, and the coagulation cascade.
Injury to endothelium exposes sub-endothelial materials, triggering platelet activity and initiating the coagulation cascade.

Thrombosis

Thrombosis involves the formation of a solid mass (thrombus) in blood from its constituents.
Turbulence and stasis (slow blood flow) contribute to arterial and venous thrombosis, respectively.

Embolism

An embolus is a solid, liquid, or gaseous mass carried by blood, causing blockage at a distant site from its origin.
Common causes include dislodged thrombi, fat droplets, air bubbles, or nitrogen.

Infarction

Infarction is the area of ischemic necrosis caused by reduced vascular supply, resulting in tissue death.
Infarcts can be red (hemorrhagic) or white (anemic), depending on the cause (venous or arterial blockage).

Shock

Shock is a systemic hypoperfusion of tissues due to decreased cardiac output or blood volume, leading to impaired tissue perfusion, cellular hypoxia, and potential organ dysfunction/failure.
Types of shock include cardiogenic, hypovolemic, and septic.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key medical concepts related to transudate, exudate, dehydration, and hemostasis. This quiz covers definitions and differences in clinical presentations, coagulation, and edema. Perfect for medical students and practitioners looking to reinforce their understanding.