Chapter 8 patho
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Questions and Answers

What is the least severe clinical manifestation of hypovolemia?

  • Chest pain
  • Muscle weakness
  • Fever
  • Thirst (correct)

    • Which transport mechanism is stimulated by the binding of a substance to a transporter?

  • Facilitated diffusion (correct)
  • Active transport
  • Simple diffusion
  • Osmosis

    • What can cause cellular swelling to the point of rupture in hypernatremia?

  • Increased sodium excretion
  • Slow rehydration
  • Hypertonic solution infusion (correct)
  • Decreased water intake

    • Which hormone, produced in the hypothalamus, regulates fluid volume by controlling total body water excretion?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the manifestations of hypercalcemia?

    <p>Confusion and irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stimulus for transport mechanisms based on chemical or electrical gradients?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of dehydration involves fluid shifts from intravascular to extravascular compartments?

    <p>Hyponatremic dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which dehydration category are there no fluid shifts?

    <p>Isotonic dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are examples of cations?

    <p>Na, Ca, H, K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What manifestations are associated with hypophosphatemia?

    <p>Muscle weakness, tremor, paresthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are examples of anions?

    <p>Cl, HCO3, SO4, PO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What manifestations are associated with hypovolemia?

    <p>Cardiac arrhythmia, hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport involves a carrier system moving particles across the membrane as an outcome?

    <p>Cation exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which manifestation is associated with hypermagnesemia?

    <p>Diminished reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sodium concentration is considered hypernatremic?

    <p>&gt;150mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution has the osmotic gradient directed outward, causing water to leave the cell?

    <p>Hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the manifestations of hyperkalemia?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of blood osmolality?

    <p><strong>Sodium</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which manifestation is associated with hypokalemia?

    <p>Enhanced neuronmuscular irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment method for cirrhosis?

    <p>Intravenous albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves fluid shifts from extravascular to intravascular compartments?

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical manifestation of hypernatremia?

    <p>Restlessness and altered consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport mechanism is stimulated by a concentration gradient?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte disorder involves hypertonic fluid loss?

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stimulus for transport mechanisms based on chemical or electrical gradients?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which manifestation is associated with hypercalcemia?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause cellular swelling to the point of rupture in hypernatremia?

    <p>Rapid rehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are examples of cations?

    <p>Sodium and Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport mechanism is stimulated by a concentration gradient?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of blood osmolality?

    <p>Electrolyte concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dehydration category involves fluid shifts from intravascular to extravascular compartments?

    <p>Hyponatremic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are examples of cations?

    <p>Na, Ca, H, K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of flow of water directed by osmotically active particles?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte disorder involves hypertonic fluid loss?

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport mechanism is stimulated by a concentration gradient?

    <p>Passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some manifestations of hypophosphatemia?

    <p><em>Muscle weakness, tremor</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the manifestations of hypermagnesemia?

    <p>Tetany, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, and weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte disorder involves hypertonic fluid loss?

    <p>Hyperchloremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of blood osmolality?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause cellular swelling to the point of rupture in hypernatremia?

    <p>Hypotonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport mechanism is stimulated by the binding of a substance to a transporter?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which dehydration category are there no fluid shifts?

    <p><em>Isotonic dehydration</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical manifestation of hypermagnesemia?

    <p>Cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment approach is commonly used for hypokalemia?

    <p>Oral potassium supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of hypocalcemia?

    <p>Positive Chvostek's sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte disorder is associated with muscle twitching, cramps, and tetany?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypervolemia?

    <p>Excessive sodium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance can result from excessive vomiting?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hypernatremia?

    <p>Confusion and lethargy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrolyte imbalance can cause laryngospasm?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolality characteristic of a hypertonic solution?

    <p>Higher than intracellular fluid osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment modality for cirrhosis to address ascites?

    <p>Paracentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical manifestation of hypokalemia?

    <p>Muscle weakness and cramps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance can lead to enhanced neuromuscular irritability, anxiety, and laryngospasm?

    <p>Hypophosphatemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrolyte disorder involves hypertonic fluid loss?

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a characteristic of extracellular distribution of Cl?

    <p>5-7 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of energy moving particles against a gradient across the membrane?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment approach is commonly used for hypervolemia?

    <p>Fluid restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What manifestations are associated with hypermagnesemia?

    <p><strong>Muscle weakness</strong>, <strong>hypotension</strong>, confusion, muscle cramps</p> Signup and view all the answers

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