ch 8 practice.docx

Answers Osmotic pressure or tension of an extracellular solution that allows water to move into or out of the cells: tonicity Accumulation of fluid in the in the peritoneal cavity and is the most common complication for cirrhosis: ascites Least severe clinical manifestation of hypovolemia: thirst Bi...

Answers Osmotic pressure or tension of an extracellular solution that allows water to move into or out of the cells: tonicity Accumulation of fluid in the in the peritoneal cavity and is the most common complication for cirrhosis: ascites Least severe clinical manifestation of hypovolemia: thirst Binding of a substance to transporter is the stimulus for which transport: facilitated diffusion Sodium concentration of hyponatremia : <130mEq/L Muscle cramps, twitching, weakness, volume deficit, hypotension, oliguria, headache, anxiety, and altered consciousness are manifestations of: hyponatremia Aldosterone receptor antagonists; reduce sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct: potassium sparing diuretics What can cause cellular swelling to the point of cellular rupture in hypernatremia: rapid rehydration Hormone produced in the hypothalamus that regulated fluid volume by controlling the excretion of total body water: ADH Drugs that prevent NaCl reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule: thiazide diuretics Decreased neuromuscular irritability, confusion, fatigue, headache, irritability, constipation, nausea, vomiting, cardia arrythmia: hypercalcemia Solution osmolality on either side of the plasma membrane is equal, and volume remains unchanged: isotonic Manifestations of ________________ may be asymptomatic, muscle tetany, or calcium deposits in soft tissues: hyperphosphatemia Chemical or electrical gradient is a stimulus for which transport mechanism: diffusion Isonatremic sodium concentration: 130mEq/L-150mEq/L Type of osmolality where water moves into the cell down its concentration gradient, and the cell swells: hypotonic Intracellular distribution of Na: 10-14 mEq/L Which transport has a carrier system move particles across the membrane as an outcome: facilitated diffusion Transportation of one positively charged ion for another in opposite directions across the plasma membrane: cation exchange Cardia arrest, abdominal cramping, and flacid paralysis are manifestions of: hyperkalemia Solution where osmotic gradient is directed outward, causing water to leave the cell, and it shrinks: hypertonic Metabolic acidosis, deep rapid breathing, weakness, headache, diminished cognitive ability, and cardiac arrest are manifestations of: hyperchloremia Most common cause of dehydration: diarrhea Most abundant cation in EC compartment and the primary determinant of blood osmolality: sodium Type of transport for diffusion: passive Extracellular distribution of Ca: 8.5-10.5mEq/L Hypernatremic sodium concentration: >150mEq/L Active transport is what type of transport: active Solution with the same osmolality as ICF: isotonic Reduced neuromuscular transmission and cell excitability, flaccid paralysis, diminished reflexes, muscle weakness, hypotension, respiratory depression are manifestions of: hypermagnesemia Particles are evenly distributed across the membrane is the outcome for which transport mechanism: diffusion Intracellular distribution of Ca: <1mEq/L Dehydration category that involves fluid shifts from intravascular to extravascular: hyponatremic Intracellular distribution of HCO3: 7-10mEq/L Drugs that reduce reabsorption of sodium in the thick ascending lim, causing decreased osmolality in the interstitual fluid of collecting ducts and impairing urine concentration at the loop: loop diuretics Proteins using energy pump ions across the membrane stimulates which transport mechanism: active transport Na, Ca,H, K are all examples of : cations Which dehydration category involves no fluid shifts: isonatremic Decreased vascular volume often the result of inadequate fluid intake or excessive excretion: hypovolemia Increased muscle tone, twitching, weakness, tetany, shallow depressed breathing, respiratory arrest, and mental confusion are manifestations of: hypochloremia Ions with a positive charge: cations Type of transport for osmosis: passive Extracellular distribution of Cl: 98-106mEq/L Solution with greater osmolality than ICF: hypertonic Muscle weakness, tremor, paresthesia, weight loss, and bone deformity are manifestions of: hypophosphatemia Isonatremia has what type of fluid loss: isotonic Drugs that increase urine production: diuretics Cl,HCO3,SO4, PO4 are examples of: anions The outcome of flow of water directed by osmotically active particles is the outcome for which transport: osmosis Dizziness, muscle weakness, leg cramps, cardiac arrhythmia, hypotension, thirst, nausea, anorexia, polyuria, impaired ability of kidneys to concentrate urine are manifestations of: hypokalemia Intracellular distribution of Cl: 3-4 mEq/L Solution with lower osmolality than ICF: hypotonic Dehydration category that involves fluid shifts from extravascular to intravascular: hypernatremic Concentration gradient is a stimulus for which transport mechanism: osmosis Hypernatremia involves what type of fluid loss: hypotonic Paracentesis, diuresis, and intravenous albumin are used to treat: cirrhosis An excessive increase of fluid in the extracellular compartment: hypervolemia Extracellular distribution of HCO3: 24-31mEq/L Energy moves particles against a gradient across the membrane is the outcome of which transport: active transport Hyponatremia produces what type of fluid loss: hypertonic Thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, decreased excretions, headache, restlessness, altered consciousness are manifestations of: hypernatremia The most severe clinical manifestation of hypovolemia: altered level of consciousness Negatively charged ions: anions Facilitated diffusion is which type of transport: passive Extracellular distribution of Na: 135-145mEq/L Extracellular distribution of K: 3.5-5mEq/L Liver disease characterizsed by interference of local blood flow and hepatocyte damage: cirrhosis Vomiting, diarrhea, and sweating most commonly cause: hyponatremia Enhanced neuronmuscular irritability, anxiety, irritability, seizure, muscle twitching, cramps, spasm, tetany, laryngospasm, hypotension, and cardia arrhythmias are manifestations of: hypocalcemia Intracellular distribution of K: 140-150mEq/L Most abundant IC cation that is found in the muscle: potassium Reciprocal transport of negatively charged ions: anion exchange Tetany, muscle cramping, seizures, cardiac arrhythmia, hypotension are manifestations of: hypomagnesemia