Medical Terminology: Eye Anatomy and Disorders

Study Notes

Eye anatomy was presented, showcasing components like the retina, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, vitreous humour, and optic nerve.
Ophthalmo/Oculo relates to the eye, exemplified by ophthalmology (medical specialty), ophthalmologist (specialist), ophthalmoscopy (eye fundus examination), and xerophthalmia (dry eye).
An ophthalmoscope is a device used to examine the eye's interior via the pupil.
Exophthalmos describes the bulging of the eyeball outside the orbit, while endophthalmos represents displacement of the eyeball back into the orbit.

Endophthalmitis infects the intraocular fluids (vitreous and aqueous).
Panophthalmitis causes inflammation of all eye tissues, including intraocular structures.

Oculo means "eye," exemplified by ocular nerve and muscles (including extraocular muscles).
Miosis, a contraction of the pupil, is contrasted with mydriasis (dilation).
Circular muscles constrict the pupil in bright light. Radial muscles expand the pupil in dim light.

The conjunctiva, a mucous membrane covering the sclera, can experience inflammation (conjunctivitis) or hemorrhaging.

Irido/Iris refers to the iris. Iritis (iris inflammation) and iridectomy (surgical removal of the iris) are examples.
Cyclo/Ciliary body refers to the ciliary body. Cyclits (inflammation of the ciliary body) and iridocyclitis (inflammation of both the iris and ciliary body) are specific cases.
Cycloplegia is paralysis of the ciliary body, with cyclospasm being its contraction.

Cataract is a progressive lens opacity.
Glaucoma is an eye disorder marked by elevated intraocular pressure, potentially leading to optic nerve atrophy and blindness.
Myopia (nearsightedness) involves parallel rays focusing in front of the retina.
Hypermetropia (farsightedness) has parallel rays focused behind the retina.
Presbyopia, similar to hypermetropia, is an age-related condition.