Medical Terminology Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What does the prefix 'acr/o' refer to?

Extremities (hands & feet), top, extreme point (correct)

Adrenal glands

Glucose, sugar

Condition, state of

What does 'adren/o' refer to?

Body

Thirst

Adrenal glands (correct)

Sex glands

What does 'crin/o' mean?

Secrete

'-dipsia' refers to which sensation?

Thirst Signup and view all the answers

What does 'glyc/o' refer to?

Glucose, sugar Signup and view all the answers

What are 'gonad/o' referring to?

Gonad, sex glands Signup and view all the answers

What does the suffix '-ism' denote?

Condition, state of Signup and view all the answers

What does 'pancreat/o' refer to?

Pancreas Signup and view all the answers

What are 'parathyroid/o' glands?

Parathyroid glands Signup and view all the answers

What does 'pineal/o' refer to?

Pineal gland Signup and view all the answers

What are 'pituitar/o' glands?

Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

What does 'poly-' mean?

Many Signup and view all the answers

What does 'somat/o' refer to?

Body Signup and view all the answers

What does 'thym/o' refer to?

Thymus gland Signup and view all the answers

What does 'thyr/o' denote?

Thyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

What does 'thyroid/o' refer to?

Thyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

To produce hormones that work together to maintain homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Define homeostasis.

The processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment Signup and view all the answers

What does 'home/o' mean?

Constant Signup and view all the answers

What does '-stasis' denote?

Control Signup and view all the answers

What are hormones?

Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What are endocrine glands?

Glands that produce hormones but do not have ducts Signup and view all the answers

What does 'endo-' mean?

Within Signup and view all the answers

How many major glands make up the endocrine system?

13 Signup and view all the answers

What is the pituitary gland known for?

It is a pea-sized gland divided into anterior and posterior lobes. Signup and view all the answers

What does ACTH stimulate?

The growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What does 'cortic/o' refer to?

Cortex Signup and view all the answers

What does 'trop' mean?

Change Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in females?

Stimulates secretion of estrogen and growth of ova in the ovaries Signup and view all the answers

What role does growth hormone (GH) play in the body?

Regulates growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues Signup and view all the answers

What does '-tropic' mean?

Having an affinity for Signup and view all the answers

What does interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) stimulate in males?

Stimulates secretion of testosterone Signup and view all the answers

What does lactogenic hormone (LTH) stimulate?

Secretion of breast milk Signup and view all the answers

What does 'lact/o' refer to?

Milk Signup and view all the answers

What does 'gen' mean?

Producing Signup and view all the answers

What does luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulate in females?

Ovulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?

Increases melanin production Signup and view all the answers

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulate?

Secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

What does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) help control?

Blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is a diuretic?

Administered to increase urine secretion Signup and view all the answers

What does oxytocin (OXT) stimulate?

Uterine contractions during childbirth Signup and view all the answers

What does 'oxy-' mean?

Swift Signup and view all the answers

What does '-tocin' refer to?

Labor Signup and view all the answers

What is Pitocin?

A synthetic form of oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

What is the pineal gland responsible for?

Influencing the sleep-wakefulness cycle Signup and view all the answers

What does melatonin influence?

The sleep-wakefulness cycle Signup and view all the answers

What describes the circadian cycle?

Biological functions within a 24-hour period Signup and view all the answers

Where is the thyroid gland located?

On either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What does metabolism describe?

Processes involved in the body's use of nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary thyroid hormones?

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) Signup and view all the answers

What does calcitonin do?

Works with parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of parathyroid glands?

Regulate calcium levels throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

Regulates calcium levels in the blood and tissues Signup and view all the answers

Where is the thymus located?

Near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

What does the pancreas function as?

Part of both the digestive and endocrine systems Signup and view all the answers

What are pancreatic islets?

Parts of the pancreas with endocrine functions Signup and view all the answers

What is an islet?

A small isolated mass of tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is glucose?

The basic form of energy used by the body Signup and view all the answers

What is glucagon responsible for?

Increasing glucose levels in the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What do alpha cells secrete?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin?

Allows glucose to enter cells for energy and stores excess as glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What are adrenal glands also referred to as?

Suprarenals Signup and view all the answers

What does adrenal cortex refer to?

The outer portion of the adrenal glands Signup and view all the answers

What does adrenal medulla refer to?

The middle portion of the adrenal glands Signup and view all the answers

What are electrolytes?

Mineral substances found in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What are some secretions of the adrenal cortex?

Androgens, corticosteroids, aldosterone, cortisol Signup and view all the answers

What are androgens?

Sex hormones secreted by gonads and adrenal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What are corticosteroids?

Steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What does aldosterone regulate?

Salt and water levels in the body Signup and view all the answers

What is reabsorption?

Returning a substance to the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What do beta cells secrete?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What does cortisol do?

Regulates metabolism and has anti-inflammatory action Signup and view all the answers

What are the secretions of the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What does epinephrine do?

Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What does norepinephrine do?

Is released as both a hormone and neurohormone Signup and view all the answers

What are gonads?

Gamete-producing glands Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Features that distinguish the two sexes not directly related to reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What is puberty?

Process of physical changes developing an adult body capable of reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What is precocious puberty?

Early onset of puberty changes Signup and view all the answers

What does 'precocious' mean?

Exceptionally early in development Signup and view all the answers

What does estrogen do?

Important for female secondary sex characteristics and menstrual regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of progesterone?

Completes preparations for possible pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is a gamete?

A reproductive cell Signup and view all the answers

What are gonadotropins?

Hormones that stimulate the gonads Signup and view all the answers

What does '-tropin' mean?

To stimulate Signup and view all the answers

What are androgens primarily responsible for?

Development and maintenance of male sex characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is testosterone?

A steroid hormone that stimulates male secondary sex characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What are steroids?

Hormone-like substances sharing a fat-soluble structure Signup and view all the answers

What are anabolic steroids?

Man-made substances chemically related to male sex hormones Signup and view all the answers

What does leptin do?

Regulates appetite Signup and view all the answers

What are neurohormones?

Produced and released by neurons in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What does an endocrinologist specialize in?

Diagnosing and treating diseases of the endocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

What does 'endocrin/o' mean?

To secrete within Signup and view all the answers

What does '-ologist' refer to?

Specialist Signup and view all the answers

What is a certified diabetes educator (CDE)?

A health care professional qualified to teach diabetes management Signup and view all the answers

What is acromegaly?

A chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of extremities Signup and view all the answers

What does '-megaly' refer to?

Enlargement Signup and view all the answers

What is gigantism?

Abnormal growth caused by excessive growth hormone before puberty Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Medical Terminology - Endocrine System

Acr/o: Refers to extremities, particularly hands and feet.
Adren/o: Pertains to adrenal glands.
Crin/o: Means to secrete.
-Dipsia: Indicates thirst.
Glyc/o: Relates to glucose or sugar.
Gonad/o: Refers to gonads or sex glands.
-Ism: Signifies a condition or state.
Pancreat/o: Relates to pancreas.
Parathyroid/o: Pertains to parathyroid glands.
Pineal/o: Relates to the pineal gland.
Pituitar/o: Refers to the pituitary gland.
Poly-: Indicates many.
Somat/o: Relates to the body.
Thym/o: Pertains to the thymus gland.
Thyr/o: Related to the thyroid gland.
Thyroid/o: Also pertains to the thyroid gland.

Endocrine System Functions and Glands

Primary Function of Endocrine System: Produces hormones for maintaining homeostasis.
Homeostasis: Processes that maintain a constant internal environment in the body.
Hormones: Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream, regulating specific cell and organ functions.
Endocrine Glands: Do not have ducts and include 13 major glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads.

Pituitary Gland

Structure: Pea-sized, divided into anterior and posterior lobes; connects to the hypothalamus.
Function: Secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.
ACTH: Stimulates adrenal cortex growth and secretion.
FSH: In females, stimulates ovary function; in males, promotes sperm production.
GH: Regulates growth of bones and muscles.
LH: Triggers ovulation in females; stimulates testosterone in males.
TSH: Stimulates thyroid hormone secretion.

Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

Thyroid Gland: Regulates metabolism, growth, and nervous system function; secretes T4 and T3 hormones.
Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium levels; produced by the thyroid.
Parathyroid Glands: Regulate calcium levels; secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases blood calcium.

Thymus and Pancreas

Thymus: Located anterior to the heart; secretes thymosin, vital for immune system function (T cell maturation).
Pancreas: Functions in both digestive and endocrine systems.
- Islets of Langerhans: Regulate blood sugar via insulin (lowers glucose levels) and glucagon (raises glucose levels).

Adrenal Glands

Location: One on top of each kidney.
Functions: Control electrolyte levels, regulate metabolism, and respond to stress.
Adrenal Cortex: Secretes hormones such as aldosterone (control of blood pressure) and cortisol (regulates metabolism).
Adrenal Medulla: Produces epinephrine (stimulates fight-or-flight response) and norepinephrine.

Gonads and Sexual Hormones

Gonads: Ovaries in females and testicles in males; responsible for producing gametes and sex hormones.
Estrogen: Regulates female secondary sex characteristics and menstrual cycle.
Testosterone: Promotes male secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis.

Puberty: Marks physical changes that enable reproduction; averages at age 12 for girls and 11 for boys.
Precocious Puberty: Early onset of sexual maturation, occurring before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys.

Specialized Professionals

Endocrinologist: Physician specializing in endocrine disorders.
Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE): Educates patients on diabetes management.

Disorders

Acromegaly: Enlargement of extremities due to excess growth hormone after puberty.
Gigantism: Abnormal growth due to excess growth hormone secretion before puberty.

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Description

Test your knowledge of medical terminology with this set of flashcards focusing on Chapter 13. Each card features a medical root word or suffix, along with its definition. Perfect for students preparing for exams or anyone interested in medical language.