Medical Terminology Chapter 10 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is acetylcholine?

A neurotransmitter (correct)

A hormone

A blood vessel

A type of muscle cell

What does akinetic pertain to?

A lack of movement

What is analgesia?

Without excessive sensitivity to pain

Define anencephaly.

Congenital brain malfunction of small or missing brain hemispheres Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of anesthesia?

Lack of normal sensation Signup and view all the answers

Describe aphasia.

Inability to speak Signup and view all the answers

What does apraxia refer to?

Inability to execute movements/actions Signup and view all the answers

What is the arachnoid membrane?

Middle layer of the three membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What does an astrocyte do?

Transports water and salts from capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is ataxia?

Persistent unsteadiness on the feet Signup and view all the answers

Define autonomic nervous membrane.

Nerves that control involuntary body functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the axon?

Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse Signup and view all the answers

What does the blood-brain barrier do?

Selectively lets certain substances enter the brain tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is bradykinesia?

Slow movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the brainstem?

Lower portion of the brain connecting the cerebrum with the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What does cauda equina refer to?

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is causalgia?

Intense burning sensation/pain Signup and view all the answers

What does cephalgia mean?

Head pain/headache Signup and view all the answers

What does cerebellar refer to?

Pertaining to the cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What does cerebellopontine refer to?

Pertaining to the pons and cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

Coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the cerebral cortex?

Outer region of the cerebrum; grey matter of the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

Fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is the cerebrum?

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary activities Signup and view all the answers

Define coma.

A state of unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be aroused Signup and view all the answers

What does comatose pertain to?

Relating to a coma Signup and view all the answers

What is a dendrite?

Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell Signup and view all the answers

What is dura mater?

Thick, outermost layer of the meninges Signup and view all the answers

What is dyslexia?

Writing, reading, and learning disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is encephalitis?

Inflammation of the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is encephalopathy?

Disease condition of the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is an ependymal cell?

A cell that lines the fluid-filled sacs of the brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is epidural hematoma?

Collection of blood upon the dura mater Signup and view all the answers

What does epilepsy refer to?

Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures Signup and view all the answers

What is a ganglion?

A collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is a glial cell?

Cells in the nervous system that support and connect Signup and view all the answers

What is glioblastoma?

Highly malignant tumor of glial cells Signup and view all the answers

What are gyri?

Sheets of nerve cells that produce elevation in the cerebral cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is hemiparesis?

Slight paralysis of a half of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is hemiplegia?

Paralysis of half of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is hypalgesia?

Diminished sensitivity to pain Signup and view all the answers

What is hyperesthesia?

Increased feeling/sensation Signup and view all the answers

What does hyperkinesis refer to?

Excessive movement Signup and view all the answers

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Beneath the thalamus Signup and view all the answers

What does intrathecal mean?

Pertaining to the subarachnoid space Signup and view all the answers

What is leptomeningitis?

Inflammation of pia mater and arachnoid membranes of meninges Signup and view all the answers

What does medulla oblongata control?

Breathing, heartbeat, and blood vessel size Signup and view all the answers

What does meningeal pertain to?

Relating to the meninges Signup and view all the answers

What are meninges?

Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is a meningioma?

Slowly growing benign tumor of meninges Signup and view all the answers

What does meningomyelocele refer to?

Neural tube defect caused by failure of closure during development Signup and view all the answers

What is a microglial cell?

Phagocytic glial cell Signup and view all the answers

What do motor nerves do?

Carry messages away from the brain to the muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is a myelin sheath?

Fatty tissue that surrounds and protects an axon Signup and view all the answers

What does myelogram refer to?

X-ray record of the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What does myoneural mean?

Pertaining to a nerve muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is narcolepsy?

Sudden uncontrollable compulsion to sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is neuralgia?

Nerve pain Signup and view all the answers

What does neurasthenia refer to?

Nervous exhaustion and fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What is neuroglia?

Supportive and connective cells in the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is a neuron?

Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

What does neuropathy refer to?

Disease condition of the nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is a neurotransmitter?

Chemical transmitter released at the end of a nerve cell Signup and view all the answers

What is an oligodendroglial cell?

Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath Signup and view all the answers

What is paraplegia?

Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body Signup and view all the answers

What do parasympathetic nerves do?

Help regulate involuntary body functions Signup and view all the answers

What is parenchyma?

Essential distinguishing cells of an organ Signup and view all the answers

What is paresis?

Slight paralysis of muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is paresthesia?

Abnormal feeling/nervous sensation Signup and view all the answers

What is the peripheral nervous system?

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is pia mater?

Thin delicate inner membrane of the meninges Signup and view all the answers

What is a plexus?

Large interlacing network of nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is poliomyelitis?

Viral inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is polyneuritis?

Inflammation of many nerves Signup and view all the answers

What does pons refer to?

Part of the brain between the medulla and cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What is quadriplegia?

Paralysis of all four extremities Signup and view all the answers

What is radiculopathy?

Disease condition of spinal nerve routes Signup and view all the answers

What is radiculitis?

Inflammation of spinal nerve routes Signup and view all the answers

What do sensory nerves do?

Carry messages to the brain from a receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is a stimulus?

Change in the environment that evokes a response Signup and view all the answers

What is a stroma?

Connective and supporting tissue of an organ Signup and view all the answers

What is a subdural hematoma?

Collection of blood below the dura mater Signup and view all the answers

What are sulci?

Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex Signup and view all the answers

What do sympathetic nerves influence?

Body functions involuntarily in times of stress Signup and view all the answers

What is a synapse?

Space through which a nervous impulse is transmitted Signup and view all the answers

What does syncopal mean?

Pertaining to fainting Signup and view all the answers

What is syncope?

Fainting caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain Signup and view all the answers

What does thalamic refer to?

Pertaining to the thalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is thalamus responsible for?

Main relay center of the brain conducting impulses Signup and view all the answers

What does vagal refer to?

Pertaining to the vagus nerve Signup and view all the answers

What are the ventricles of the brain?

Canals in the interior of the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

What are absence seizures?

Minor form of seizure with momentary clouding of consciousness Signup and view all the answers

What is Alzheimer disease?

Brain disorder marked by gradual deterioration of mental capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

Degenerative disease of motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is an aneurysm?

Weakening of a blood vessel Signup and view all the answers

What is astrocytoma?

Malignant tumor of glial brain cells Signup and view all the answers

What is an aura?

Peculiar sensation appearing before symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is Bell's palsy?

Paralysis on one side of the face Signup and view all the answers

What is cerebral angiography?

X-ray images of the blood vessel system in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is cerebral concussion?

Temporary brain dysfunction after injury Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neurotransmitters and Nerve Functions

Acetylcholine is a key neurotransmitter released at the ends of some nerve cells, crucial for transmitting signals.
Analgesia refers to the absence of excessive sensitivity to pain, highlighting the body's pain management systems.
Akinetic conditions indicate a lack of movement, often associated with neurological disorders.
Apraxia describes the inability to execute purposeful movements, affecting daily functional abilities.

Brain Structures and Conditions

Anencephaly is a serious congenital condition characterized by small or missing brain hemispheres.
The cerebrum, the largest brain part, manages voluntary activities and cognitive functions such as memory and speech.
The brainstem connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord and regulates vital functions like breathing and heartbeat.
The cerebellum coordinates muscle movements and helps maintain balance and posture.

Neurological Disorders and Symptoms

Epilepsy is a chronic condition marked by recurrent seizures, emphasizing the importance of brain health.
Narcolepsy results in uncontrollable sleep episodes, affecting daily life and safety.
Hemiplegia signifies paralysis of one side of the body, often due to strokes or spinal cord injuries.
Polio, an inflammation of the spinal cord's grey matter, can lead to severe motor impairments.

Protective Structures of the Nervous System

The meninges consist of three protective membranes (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater) safeguarding the brain and spinal cord.
The blood-brain barrier selectively allows certain substances into the brain, protecting it from harmful agents.
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and stability.

Nerves and Nervous System Types

The peripheral nervous system encompasses all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, facilitating communication throughout the body.
Sensory nerves (afferent) transmit sensory information to the central nervous system, while motor nerves (efferent) relay commands to muscles.
Sympathetic nerves trigger the fight or flight response during stress, whereas parasympathetic nerves regulate rest and digestion.

Common Neurological Terms

Dyslexia constitutes a learning disorder affecting reading and writing abilities, impacting educational performance.
Neurotransmitters play a vital role in communication between neurons, influencing various bodily functions and behaviors.
Neuropathy indicates a disease condition impacting the nerves, causing symptoms like pain and weakness.

Tumors and Infections

Meningiomas are slow-growing benign tumors arising from the meninges, while glioblastomas are highly malignant brain tumors.
Encephalitis refers to brain inflammation which can result from infections, leading to serious health issues.
Epidural hematoma is a blood collection above the dura mater, often due to traumatic brain injuries.

Abnormal Sensations and Movement Disorders

Paresthesia describes abnormal sensations such as tingling, often associated with nerve damage.
Ataxia refers to unsteadiness on the feet, often linked to coordination or balance issues.
Bradykinesia is characterized by slow movement, typically seen in conditions like Parkinson's disease.

Cognitive Disorders

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder leading to dementia, significantly impacting cognitive functions as individuals age.
Auras are peculiar sensations that precede certain neurological symptoms, often occurring in migraines or seizures.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key terms from Chapter 10 of Medical Terminology. This quiz covers various terms related to neurology and anatomy, including neurotransmitters and conditions affecting movement and sensitivity to pain. Perfect for students aiming to master medical vocabulary.