Medical Technology Quiz: Key Concepts

Prayer Before Class

• Holy Spirit, true source of light and wisdom, illuminate the intellect.
• Dissipate the darkness of sin and ignorance.
• Grant a penetrating mind, retentive memory, and method.
• Enhance ease of learning and comprehension skills.
• Guide the work's progress toward successful completion.
• Bring this work to fulfillment through Christ.
• Reinforce the relationship between God, the Father, and the student.

Overview of the Medical Technology Profession

• Medical technology is also called clinical laboratory science or medical laboratory science.
• It's defined as applying natural, physical, and biological sciences to laboratory procedures supporting disease diagnosis and treatment.

Outline

• Part I: Introduction to medical technology, with a historical perspective.
• Part II: Medical technology education.

Learning Outcome

• The learning outcome is to discuss the practice of medical technology, focusing on the Philippines setting.

Formative Assessment - Question 1

• The first clinical laboratory in the Philippines was located in Intramuros, Manila.

Formative Assessment - Question 2

• Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda was the first medical technologist to earn a Bachelor's degree in the Philippines.

Formative Assessment - Question 3

• Dr. William Welch founded medical technology education in the Philippines.

Formative Assessment - Question 4

• James Campbell Todd authored "Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory Methods," a standard reference for laboratories.

Formative Assessment - Question 5

• RA No. 5527 describes medical technology as the application of natural, physical, and biological sciences in laboratory procedures aiding disease diagnosis and treatment.

Introduction

• Provides context for the study of the medical technology profession.

What is Medical Technology?

• Defined by various individuals and organizations (Moraleta, CMO 13s. 2017, Anna P. Fagelson 1961, Norma J. Walters 1996, Ruth I. Heinemann 1963)
• It's a medical branch specializing in laboratory procedures.

What is Medical Technology?

• A field that works to maintain good health through the process of examining tissues and bodily fluids to support diagnosis and treatment.

RA No. 5527 (The Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969)

• Emphasizes medical technology as an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine.
• Emphasizes chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic, and other procedures aiding physicians' diagnosis and treatment of disease/health promotion in general.

Medical Technology Profession

• Introduces the role and functions of a medical technologist.

What Does a Medical Technologist Do?

• Focuses on activities performed by medical technologists and the critical nature of these activities.

What is a Medical Technologist?

• A person performing medical technology tasks under pathologist or licensed physician supervision.
• Those who have passed the necessary exams become a medical technologist.

Medical Technology Practice

• The purpose of medical technology is to improve disease detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring.
• The discipline draws on various fields (contextual and interdisciplinary).

R.A. 5527 - The Medical Technology Act of 1969

• Describes the specific laboratory procedures performed.

Roles and Responsibilities

• Performing clinical laboratory testing.
• Performing special procedures.
• Ensuring the accuracy and precision of results.
• Maintaining honesty in practice.
• Ensuring timely delivery of results and maintaining professionalism.
• Maintaining patient confidentiality and collaborating with other health professionals.
• Conducting research and involvement in health promotion programs, are some of the key responsibilities.

Job Opportunities

• Discusses various career paths available for medical technologists.

Field of Specialty

• Lists specialist areas within medical technology (Hematology, Clinical chemistry, Clinical microscopy, Microbiology, Blood bank and transfusion practices, Immunology).

Places of Work

• Provides a list of organizations where medical technologists work (Hospitals, Laboratories, Biotechnology firms, Blood banks, Clinics, Medical equipment manufacturers, Colleges, and universities, Physicians offices, Diagnostic testing companies, Pharmaceutical companies, Health maintenance organizations, and Research institutes).

Historical Perspective

• Examines the history of medical technology, focusing on significant events, figures, and discoveries.

History of Medical Technology Profession in a Global Context

• Examines the history and evolution of medical technology, including key figures (Egyptians, Ebers papyrus, Sushruta, Hippocrates, Galen, Rufus of Ephesus).

1500 BC

• Ebers Papyrus, a compilation of Egyptian medical texts, records the first known medical records of intestinal infection.

600 BC

• Sushruta, an ancient Indian physician, described diabetes based on observations of excessive urine production.

300 BC - 180 AD

• Hippocrates, considered the "Father of Medicine," highlighted the importance of recognizing and balancing the four humors in understanding diseases. Galen, a Greek physician, studied medical aspects of the body.

50 AD

• Rufus of Ephesus presented an early definition of hematuria, linking this condition to urinary tract issues.

Medieval Period

• Uroscopy, examining urine, served as a valuable diagnostic approach.

900 AD

• Isaac Judaeus created a compilation to formulate rules about urine to aid diagnosis and treatment.

1590s

• Zacharias and Hans Janssen invented the microscope, opening up a new field in visualizing tiny structures.

17th Century

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek, known as the "Father of Microbiology," improved the microscope and was crucial in observing and classifying bacteria.

17th Century

• Frederick Dekkers discovered the precipitation of proteins in urine when treated with acetic acid,.

18th Century

• Richard Lower conducted the first blood transfusions from one animal to another.
• William Hewson discovered blood plasma.

19th Century

• John Snow investigated cholera outbreak and epidemiology.

19th Century

• Louis Pasteur developed pasteurization and vaccines against anthrax.
• Robert Koch established the specific conditions (Koch's postulates).
• Laboratory tests for certain diseases (tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, and diphtheria).

Mid 1800s

• The University of Michigan developed a well-equipped chemical laboratory supporting medical research.

1878

• Dr. William Welch helped establish a teaching laboratory to train medical practitioners in laboratory methods and other related matters.

1908

• James Campbell Todd authored "Clinical Diagnosis," a manual on laboratory procedures (standard diagnostic reference).
• John Bernard Henry edited this Todd's work.
• This editing resulted in a revised manual covering laboratory procedures.

1918

• John Kolmer's work focused on the importance of training medical technicians
• The Pennsylvania legislature created a law pertaining to laboratory requirements.

1920

• Clinical laboratories in large hospitals moved toward better organizational structure.
• Clinical laboratories moved to a more systematic/organized structure.
• Pathologies departments and divisions in medical institutions were developed.

1922

• ASCP (American Society for Clinical Pathology) organized physicians/pathologists.
• ASCP helped establish a regulatory body to handle and guide standardization standards for laboratory technicians/technologists.
• A standardization body was developed to provide guidance standards related to laboratory technicians.

1923

• The University of Minnesota began offering bachelor's degrees in medical technology, this marked the beginning of standardized formal education.

1950s

• The medical technology profession got official acceptance and recognition.
• A system of standards and regulations for medical technologists emerged through laws establishing medical technology degrees.

History of Medical Technology in the Philippines

• The Hospital Real was first established in Cebu then relocated to Manila during the Spanish colonization.
• Medical technology education in the Philippines developed from existing related institutions.

1887

• Manila's Laboratorio Municipal de Manila (a laboratory) conducted examinations of food, water, and clinical samples.

1901

• Bureau of Government Laboratories for public health research related to infectious diseases.
• The US government established laboratories.
• A bureau was established to establish standards for public health research related to infectious diseases.

1905

• Reorganization of Bureau of Government Laboratories focused on various areas/departments including standards to establish scientific advancements in medicine for the Philippines.
• Laboratory research aided in disease study.
• The laboratory became a national scientific hub.

1944

• First clinical laboratory in the Philippines was part of the US army's 6th infantry division.

June 1945

• 6th infantry division left the Philippines
• The laboratory came under the National Department of Health.

Oct 1, 1945

• The abandoned facility was reorganized under Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda with Dr. Mariano Icasian's direct support (Manila's public health officer).

1947-1954

• Training program was created for medical technicians.
• Dr. De Roda, Dr. Sta Ana, and Dr. Briones offered the high school level training program in the field of medical technology.

1954

• First four-year Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology Program was offered.

1956

• Dr. Jesse Umali, the first graduate from a four-year BS Medical Technology Program.

1957

• UST initially offered medical technology as an elective course.

June 1960

• UST officially introduced the medical technology curriculum.
• UST formally adopted a program on medical technology.

June 14, 1961

• Medical technology was officially acknowledged as a program offered at UST

Inventions & Innovations in the Field of Medical Laboratory

1660

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented an improved microscope that allowed for the observation of microorganisms.

1796

• Edward Jenner created the vaccine for smallpox—a major contribution to immunology and disease prevention.

1880

• Agostino Bassi researched diseases in worms that were caused by being injected by organic materials/matter. This study sparked further scientific study on the beginning of bacteriology research.

1835

• Marie Francois Xavier Bichat identified organ structures based on tissues. His contribution led to the development of histology fundamentals/guidelines/models.

1857

• Louis Pasteur created an immunity to rabies vaccinations, a pioneering contribution to infectious disease treatment.

1866

• Gregor Mendel's work laid the groundwork for genetic studies.

1870

• Joseph Lister proved the impact of airborne organisms on creating surgical infections. This work fostered major developments in sanitization and infection control, furthering improvements in preemptive/preventive care/treatments.

1877

• Robert Koch depicted the first pictures of bacilli leading to important understanding of diseases through bacterial study.
• Robert Koch identified anthrax and tuberculosis bacilli.

1886

• Ernst von Bergmann invented methods for sterilization in surgical procedures that were widely applied and accepted, further advancements were made in surgical practices for sanitation.
• Elie Metchnoff studied and described phagocytes within the blood and their role in disease management.

1902

• Karl Landsteiner's research led to understanding blood groups, a crucial discovery in blood transfusions and other similar/related medical procedures.

1906

• August von Wassermann developed tests for syphilis.

1929

• Hans Fischer determined the structure of hemoglobin.

1954

• Jonas Salk developed vaccines against poliomyelitis.

1973

• Baruch Samuel Blumberg found a vaccine against hepatitis B.

1985

• Kary Mullis pioneered the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

1992

• Andre van Steirtehem introduced intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF).

1998

• James Thomson derived the first human stem cell line, setting a path for new avenues in medical/research procedures.

References

• The references are lists of different works related to a better understanding of the subject.