9 Questions
What is the role of the Right Atrium in the Heart?
Sends blood from the upper body
What is the name of the artery that carries oxygenated blood to the whole body?
Aorta
During Systole, the __________ (AV) Valves close.
Atrioventricular
The T-Wave on an Electrocardiogram is associated with Ventricular Repolarization.
True
Which of the following statements about the PQRST waveform are correct? (Select all that apply)
The U-wave represents conditions affecting repolarization
The Sinoatrial (SA) node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, generating 60-100 beats per minute.
True
What is the role of the Atrioventricular (AV) node?
The Atrioventricular (AV) node is the secondary pacemaker of the heart, generating 40-60 beats per minute and delaying the impulses from the SA node.
The duration of the QRS complex is typically $______$ sec.
0.06 - 0.10
Match the components of the cardiac conduction system with their descriptions:
Sinoatrial (SA) Node = Generates the initial electrical impulse that triggers atrial contraction Atrioventricular (AV) Node = Delays the impulse from the SA node before it reaches the ventricles Bundle of His = Sends the impulse to the left and right Purkinje fibers Purkinje Fibers = Distribute the impulse to the left and right ventricles
Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
- The heart is a muscle that pumps blood and is located slightly behind the left sternum, with the left lung being smaller to make room for it.
- The heart weighs around 10 ounces and is approximately the size of two clenched fists in adults and one clenched fist in children.
Heart Layers
- Endocardium: the inner layer of the heart
- Myocardium: the middle layer, which is muscular
- Pericardium: the outer layer, which is serous and acts as a protective sac that covers the heart
- Epicardium: the outer layer, which is visceral and adheres to the myocardium, lubricating the heart to avoid rubbing against other organs
Heart Valves
- Atrioventricular (AV) Valves:
- Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve: closes during systole, allowing blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
- Tricuspid Valve: closes during systole, allowing blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle
- Semilunar Valves:
- Aortic Valve: opens during systole, allowing oxygenated blood to flow from the left ventricle to the aorta
- Pulmonic Valve: opens during systole, allowing deoxygenated blood to flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
Heart Arteries
- Coronary Artery: supplies oxygenated blood to the heart
- Left Coronary Artery:
- Circumflex Artery: supplies blood to the left atrium and left ventricle (side, back)
- Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD): supplies blood to the septum (front) and left ventricle (bottom)
- Right Coronary Artery:
- Supplies blood to the septum (back), left ventricle (bottom), right ventricle, and right atrium
Heart Anatomy
- Right Atrium: receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and pumps blood to the right ventricle
- Right Ventricle: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery
- Left Atrium: receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps blood to the left ventricle
- Left Ventricle: pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body through the aorta
- Coronary Vein: returns blood from the heart muscles
Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure is the pressure pushing against arterial walls
- Preload: initial stretching of the heart muscles prior to systole (pressure at the end of diastole)
- Afterload: pressure that the heart muscles must generate to contract against aortic pressure
- Contractility: intrinsic strength of the heart muscles, affected by serum calcium and dependent on preload
Electrocardiogram
-
Speed: 25 mm/sec or 5 large squares per second
-
Voltage: 1 mV equals 10 mm or 2 large squares per second
-
ST-segment: period of complete ventricular depolarization, used to diagnose ventricular ischemia or hypoxia
-
T-Wave: ventricular repolarization, affected by serum potassium### Respiratory System
-
Respiration is the gas exchange between atmospheric air (O2) and blood
-
Types of respiration:
- Internal respiration: involuntary process in cells, occurs without breathing
- External respiration: voluntary and involuntary process involving breathing
Ventilation
- Gas exchange in and out of the airways
- Involves capillaries, alveoli, and ventilation ratio
Acid-Base Balance
- CO2 is 20 times more soluble than O2
- O2 is more concentrated than CO2
- Normal pH: 7.35-7.45
- Lungs control partial CO2 (PaCO2)
- Kidneys control bicarbonate (HCO3)
Ventilation-Perfusion Dysfunction
- Shunting: reduced ventilation to a lung unit
- Dead-space ventilation: reduced perfusion to a lung unit
- Silent unit: mix of shunting and dead-space ventilation
Pulmonary Embolism
- Obstruction by a thrombus in the pulmonary artery
- Causes include lung disorders, cardiac disorders, infections, thromboembolism, sickle cell disease
- Clinical manifestations: pain in calf/leg, Hampton's hump, ECG abnormalities, hypoxemia
Nursing Management
- Administer oxygen therapy
- Provide airway management (intubation, mechanical ventilation)
- Monitor ventilator settings and alarms
- Implement collaborative interventions (anticoagulants, thrombolytics, embolectomy)
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
- Cessation of breathing during sleep due to upper airway obstruction
- Causes include obesity, male gender, advanced age, post-menopause
- Clinical manifestations: snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, frequent nocturnal awakenings
- Assessment: polysomnography (PSG)
- Treatments: weight loss, oral appliances, CPAP, BiPAP, surgical interventions
Test your knowledge of the cardiovascular system, focusing on heart valves and atrioventricular (AV) valves, as part of Medical-Surgical Nursing 3.
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