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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of blood?
What is the main function of blood?
- Transportation of water, vitamins, and minerals; regulation of glucose levels, hormone production, and cell growth; protection against radiation and toxic substances
- Transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones; regulation of osmosis, pH, and body temperature; protection against excessive loss and diseases (correct)
- Transportation of carbon dioxide, metabolic wastes, and enzymes; regulation of blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and cholesterol levels; protection against infections and allergies
- Transportation of neurotransmitters, antibodies, and fatty acids; regulation of bone density, muscle mass, and skin elasticity; protection against physical injuries and psychological disorders
Why is blood classified as a connective tissue?
Why is blood classified as a connective tissue?
- Because it is derived from the mesodermal germ layer during embryonic development
- Because it consists of formed elements (blood cells) suspended in an extracellular matrix (plasma) (correct)
- As it provides structural support to the body by maintaining the integrity of blood vessels and capillaries
- Due to its role in connecting different organs and systems in the body through the circulation of nutrients and oxygen
What is the primary function of plasma in the blood?
What is the primary function of plasma in the blood?
- Supporting the structure of red blood cells; facilitating gas exchange in the lungs; assisting in the breakdown of toxins
- Assisting in blood clotting; producing antibodies; storing energy reserves in the form of glycogen
- Transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste products; maintaining blood pressure and pH balance; providing defense against infections (correct)
- Carrying oxygen to tissues; removing carbon dioxide from the body; regulating body temperature
Which component of blood is responsible for transporting oxygen to the tissues?
Which component of blood is responsible for transporting oxygen to the tissues?
What is the main function of white blood cells in the blood?
What is the main function of white blood cells in the blood?
Which component of blood is involved in the process of hemostasis?
Which component of blood is involved in the process of hemostasis?
What is the basis for ABO and Rh blood group classification?
What is the basis for ABO and Rh blood group classification?
What does hemoglobin primarily bind to for transportation within red blood cells?
What does hemoglobin primarily bind to for transportation within red blood cells?
Which organ is primarily responsible for removing metabolic wastes from the bloodstream?
Which organ is primarily responsible for removing metabolic wastes from the bloodstream?
What is the primary component of plasma?
What is the primary component of plasma?
What is the normal count of erythrocytes in blood?
What is the normal count of erythrocytes in blood?
What is the main function of antibodies present in the plasma?
What is the main function of antibodies present in the plasma?
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
What is the basis for blood group classification in the ABO system?
What is the basis for blood group classification in the ABO system?
Which process prevents blood loss and involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting?
Which process prevents blood loss and involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting?
What type of antigens does blood group AB have?
What type of antigens does blood group AB have?
What is the term for an abnormal excess of red blood cells?
What is the term for an abnormal excess of red blood cells?
Which blood group individuals are called 'Universal recipients'?
Which blood group individuals are called 'Universal recipients'?
What determines whether a person is Rh-positive or Rh-negative?
What determines whether a person is Rh-positive or Rh-negative?
What can be fatal due to agglutination reactions between antigens and antibodies?
What can be fatal due to agglutination reactions between antigens and antibodies?
What is the mechanism of developing Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) in the case of Rh incompatibility?
What is the mechanism of developing Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) in the case of Rh incompatibility?
In which scenario can a person with Rh+ blood receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems?
In which scenario can a person with Rh+ blood receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems?
When can antibodies against the Rh antigens develop in an Rh-negative person?
When can antibodies against the Rh antigens develop in an Rh-negative person?
What happens if an Rh-negative mother is pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus?
What happens if an Rh-negative mother is pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus?
What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) caused by?
What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) caused by?
In later pregnancies, what happens if an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus?
In later pregnancies, what happens if an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus?
Which of the following is an intervention to reduce risks for infections?
Which of the following is an intervention to reduce risks for infections?
What is the term for the measures that break each link in the chain of infection?
What is the term for the measures that break each link in the chain of infection?
In the context of infection prevention, what influences a microorganism’s ability to produce an infectious process?
In the context of infection prevention, what influences a microorganism’s ability to produce an infectious process?
Which action is part of medical and surgical asepsis?
Which action is part of medical and surgical asepsis?
What is a key factor in identifying risks for nosocomial and healthcare-associated infections?
What is a key factor in identifying risks for nosocomial and healthcare-associated infections?
What is an example of a measure that breaks the chain of infection?
What is an example of a measure that breaks the chain of infection?
What is the term for the ability of microorganisms to produce disease?
What is the term for the ability of microorganisms to produce disease?
Which type of infection occurs when the microorganism produces no clinical evidence of disease?
Which type of infection occurs when the microorganism produces no clinical evidence of disease?
What is the primary difference between medical asepsis and surgical asepsis?
What is the primary difference between medical asepsis and surgical asepsis?
What is the term for the freedom from disease-causing microorganisms?
What is the term for the freedom from disease-causing microorganisms?
Which major category of microorganisms causes infection in humans by varying in their virulence and severity of diseases they produce?
Which major category of microorganisms causes infection in humans by varying in their virulence and severity of diseases they produce?
What is the term for the transmission of infectious agents through direct or indirect contact or as airborne infections?
What is the term for the transmission of infectious agents through direct or indirect contact or as airborne infections?
What is the process by which microorganisms become resident flora, growing and multiplying without causing disease?
What is the process by which microorganisms become resident flora, growing and multiplying without causing disease?
Which term refers to a person or animal reservoir of a specific infectious agent that typically does not show clinical signs of disease?
Which term refers to a person or animal reservoir of a specific infectious agent that typically does not show clinical signs of disease?
What is the term for an infection resulting directly from diagnostic or therapeutic procedures?
What is the term for an infection resulting directly from diagnostic or therapeutic procedures?
What involves six links: the etiologic agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and host susceptibility?
What involves six links: the etiologic agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and host susceptibility?
ext{What is identified through a blood culture, revealing the presence of microorganisms?}
ext{What is identified through a blood culture, revealing the presence of microorganisms?}
When do chronic infections develop?
When do chronic infections develop?
Which of the following is an example of a common practice of medical asepsis in everyday living?
Which of the following is an example of a common practice of medical asepsis in everyday living?
What is an additional hospital practice of medical asepsis mentioned in the text?
What is an additional hospital practice of medical asepsis mentioned in the text?
What is the aim of isolation practices mentioned in the text?
What is the aim of isolation practices mentioned in the text?
What is involved in further isolation practices as per the text?
What is involved in further isolation practices as per the text?
What should be done with soiled equipment according to hospital practices of medical asepsis?
What should be done with soiled equipment according to hospital practices of medical asepsis?
What is a key factor that increases someone's risk of acquiring an infection according to the text?
What is a key factor that increases someone's risk of acquiring an infection according to the text?
Which method of transmission involves immediate transfer through touching, biting, kissing, or sexual intercourse?
Which method of transmission involves immediate transfer through touching, biting, kissing, or sexual intercourse?
What is the term for an individual at risk for infection due to various factors?
What is the term for an individual at risk for infection due to various factors?
What is the term for a person or animal carrying a specific infectious agent without showing clinical symptoms?
What is the term for a person or animal carrying a specific infectious agent without showing clinical symptoms?
Which form of direct transmission occurs within 1 meter and projects droplets onto mucous membranes?
Which form of direct transmission occurs within 1 meter and projects droplets onto mucous membranes?
What type of indirect transmission may involve insects as vectors?
What type of indirect transmission may involve insects as vectors?
Study Notes
Blood Composition and Blood Groups
- Blood is composed of plasma (55% of whole blood) and formed elements including erythrocytes (45% of whole blood), leukocytes, and platelets
- Plasma is mostly water (over 90%) and contains various solutes including electrolytes and plasma proteins such as albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
- Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, with a lifespan of around 120 days and a normal count of 5.5 million cells/mm3 of blood
- Anemia is a deficiency in red blood cells, while polycythemia is an abnormal excess that can be physiologic (due to altitude) or pathologic (polycythemia vera)
- Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are the primary cells of the immune system, with five different types including granular and agranular leukocytes
- Platelets, the smallest blood cells, are involved in the clotting process and have a half-life of 8-12 days, with 30% stored in the spleen
- Hemostasis is the process that prevents blood loss and involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting
- Blood group classification is based on the ABO system, with different antigens and antibodies determining blood groups A, B, AB, and O
- The Rh blood group is another important blood group, with people being Rh-positive or Rh-negative depending on the presence of certain Rh antigens
- Transfusion of incompatible blood types can be fatal due to agglutination reactions between antigens and antibodies
- Blood group A has type A antigen and anti-B antibodies, blood group B has type B antigen and anti-A antibodies, blood group AB has both antigens, and blood group O has neither antigen
- People with blood group AB are called "Universal receivers" while people with blood group O are called "Universal donors" due to their ability to receive or give blood to all blood groups
Infectious Disease Transmission and Host Susceptibility
- Reservoir is a person or animal carrying a specific infectious agent without showing clinical symptoms
- Portal of exit from reservoir includes coughing, sneezing, saliva, feces, urine, drainage, and open wounds
- Methods of transmission: direct, indirect (vehicle-borne, vector-borne), and airborne
- Direct transmission involves immediate transfer through touching, biting, kissing, or sexual intercourse
- Droplet spread is a form of direct transmission occurring within 1 meter, projecting droplets onto mucous membranes
- Indirect transmission may be vehicle-borne (fomites) or vector-borne (insects)
- Airborne transmission involves droplets or dust, with droplet nuclei remaining in the air for long periods
- Portal of entry occurs through any opening in the body or non-intact skin
- Susceptible host factors include age, immune suppression treatment, chronic illness, organ transplant, and immune deficiency conditions
- A susceptible host is any individual at risk for infection
- A susceptible host can include the very young or old, those receiving immune suppression treatment for cancer, individuals with chronic illness, recipients of organ transplants, and those with immune deficiency conditions
- A susceptible host is an individual at risk for infection due to various factors
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Description
Test your knowledge about the functions, composition, and characteristics of blood, as well as the structure and functions of blood cells and the ABO and Rh blood groups.
