Medical Signs and Symptoms Quiz

Unexpected complications that arise from the disease process.

The number of new cases of a disease occurring in a specific population during a given period.

A passive process where molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, requiring no energy.

The initial stage of wound healing involving bleeding control.

A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates the body's response to stress.

A passive process where particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It requires no energy and can occur in air or water.

A bluish coloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood (hypoxia).

An increase in the number of cells. This can be a normal response to growth or injury, or it can be abnormal and lead to disease.

A stage of disease where symptoms are vague and non-specific. This is where people begin to feel 'not right'.

A condition where the blood is too acidic (pH less than 7.35). It can cause issues with heart contractions, blood vessel function, medication response, and even lead to unconsciousness.

A condition where blood glucose levels are too low.

A test that measures how well your kidneys are filtering waste products from your blood. It checks the rate at which fluid is filtered by both kidneys.

A breakdown product of muscle that is completely excreted by the kidneys. It can be used as a marker for kidney function.

One of the main roles of the kidneys is to filter blood and remove waste products.

A condition where the body doesn't produce enough antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This can lead to frequent urination and dehydration.

Characterized by a low sodium level in the blood.

The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

The normal hourly urinary output for an adult is between 20 and 30 mL.

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer's patches are secondary lymphoid tissues where lymphocytes interact with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to fight off germs and foreign substances.

The thymus produces and matures T-cells, which are a type of immune cell.

A process where one system, like the respiratory system, helps to regulate the balance of another system, like the metabolic system, after an imbalance.

An increase in the number of cells, often caused by hormonal, compensatory, or pathological factors. Example: gingival hyperplasia.

The body's natural defense mechanism against infection. It involves raising body temperature to fight off pathogens.

Macrophages are immune cells that break down clots, engulf foreign material, and contribute to wound healing by releasing growth factors.

The body develops antibodies after being exposed to a disease. This provides long-lasting immunity.

When antibodies are received from an external source, like breast milk or a serum injection. This provides temporary immunity.

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat.

The volume of blood pumped out of the right ventricle with each heartbeat.

A condition that occurs when the heart's right ventricle is too weak to pump blood effectively to the lungs.

A disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood.

A bulging or weakening of the wall of an artery.

An infection of the kidneys, often causing pain in the flank, fever, and urinary symptoms.

Factors that increase a person's chance of developing heart disease, including age, genetics, diabetes, smoking, and high blood pressure.

An increase in the number of immature neutrophils (bands) in a blood test, indicating an active infection or inflammatory process. The bone marrow is producing more immature white blood cells to fight the infection rapidly.

A general defense mechanism that protects the body from any harmful agent. It involves the first and second line of defense.

The first line of defense in nonspecific immunity, acting as barriers against harmful agents. Examples include skin, mucus membranes, body secretions, and reflexes.

The second line of defense in nonspecific immunity, involving internal responses to combat harmful agents. This includes inflammation, phagocytosis, and natural killer cells.

A crucial component of the immune system, responsible for fighting infections, responding to allergens, creating antibodies, and removing damaged tissue.

Acquired immunity from another person, without having been exposed to the specific infection. It can be through maternal transfer via placenta or breast milk, or through receiving antibodies from another person.

The organ responsible for producing and maturing T-cells, which are crucial for the adaptive immune system.

The organ that filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and is also part of the immune system.

A measure of the rate at which red blood cells settle in a tube of blood over a specific time period. A higher ESR indicates inflammation.

A protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation, its levels increase during inflammation.

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates the body's response to stress. High levels can lead to hypertension and immunosuppression.

A sign of inflammation characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function.

A process that involves the removal of debris and microorganisms from the injured area, followed by tissue repair. It's crucial for healing.

Something that can be measured, regardless of the patient's consciousness. Example: Blood pressure or fever.

The subjective experience of having a disease, including feelings, sensations, and perceptions. Example: pain, fatigue, or nausea.

The chain of events from the initial contact with a disease-causing agent to the ultimate expression of the disease. It explains how the disease process unfolds.

The factors that increase the probability of developing a specific disease. Common examples include age, smoking, alcohol abuse, and exposure to certain substances.

A prediction of the likely outcome of a disease. It depends on factors like the severity of the disease, the patient's overall health, and available treatments.

A rapid increase in the number of new cases of a disease in a specific area.

The stage of a disease where symptoms are non-specific and vague. The person may feel unwell, but the exact nature of the illness is not yet clear.

A process in wound healing where new blood vessels form, aiding in tissue repair and regeneration.

A type of wound closure where edges are approximated and re-epithelialization occurs, resulting in minimal scarring. Examples include surgical incisions.

Fibrous tissue that replaces damaged tissue during wound healing, causing reduced function. May occur in wounds that heal by secondary intention.

A type of wound closure where there is a large gap in tissue requiring granulation tissue formation and longer healing time. Examples include decubitus ulcers.

Specialized cells that break down clots, clear debris, and release growth factors like TGF-β, VEGF, and MMPs, contributing to wound healing.

A wound where there is a large gap and contamination, requiring drainage and delayed closure. Often involves a combination of primary and secondary intention.

A type of growth factor that stimulates the production of collagen precursor, promoting tissue repair.

A type of growth factor vital for angiogenesis, prompting new blood vessel formation and facilitating tissue healing.

A fibrous capsule that surrounds a mass of epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and connective tissue. It isolates foreign substances the body can't easily remove.

The thymus, a primary lymphoid tissue, is located in the mediastinum and is responsible for the maturation of T cells.

The thymus is where immature T lymphocytes travel from the bone marrow. These lymphocytes mature and become trained to differentiate between self and foreign cells.

Primary lymphoid tissues generate immune cells. These include the bone marrow, which produces all blood cells, and the thymus, which matures T cells.

Secondary lymphoid tissues are where immune cells interact with antigens and initiate an immune response. Examples include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer's patches.

The spleen is a highly vascular organ responsible for filtering blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells, and storing white blood cells.

The alarm stage of stress triggers the release of hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, preparing the body for a 'fight or flight' response.

During stress, the sympathetic nervous system releases norepinephrine, causing an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

The body cannot regulate water balance due to a lack of ADH or the kidneys' inability to respond to it. This leads to excessive diluted urination and extreme thirst.

The body compensates for metabolic acidosis by increasing respiratory rate to blow off CO2, making the blood less acidic.

The body compensates for metabolic alkalosis by decreasing breathing rate to retain CO2, making the blood more acidic.

A condition where the blood sodium level is below 135 mEq/L. It can occur with low blood volume (hypovolemic) or high blood volume (dilutional).

A condition where the blood sodium level is too high, often causing confusion, agitation, or seizures.

The lungs compensate for metabolic acidosis by increasing the respiratory rate to blow off CO2 (a major acid).

The kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis by reabsorbing HCO3 (a base) and excreting H+ (an acid) to make the blood less acidic.

The kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis by reabsorbing maximum H+ (an acid) and excreting HCO3 (a base) to make the blood more acidic.

The release of chemicals like histamine and prostaglandins at the site of injury, stimulating nerve endings and causing pain.

A blood disorder characterized by an excessive number of red blood cells in the body.

An infection of the kidneys, typically causing pain in the flank, blood and white blood cells in the urine.

Inflammation triggers the release of cytokines, which act as messengers to raise body temperature and fight infection.

In response to injury, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH. This leads to the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands, playing a crucial role in the body's stress response to inflammation.

Elevated white blood cell count is often a sign of an inflammatory response in the body, such as an infection.

Elevated potassium levels, troponin tests, EKGs, and evidence of muscle damage are common tests performed following a heart attack.

Endothelial injury is a common denominator in many disorders, leading to inflammation and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.