Medical Signs and Symptoms Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following values indicates a state of acidosis?

  • PaO2 = 84 mmHg
  • HCO3- = 20 mEq/L (correct)
  • SaO2 = 98%
  • PaCO2 = 42 mmHg

    • What is the primary cause of respiratory alkalosis?

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Decreased metabolism of acids
  • Renal failure resulting in acid retention
  • Hyperventilation leading to excessive CO2 loss (correct)

    • What best describes the prodromal stage of disease?

  • A stage with chronic symptoms persisting over long durations
  • A stage primarily identifying infectious agents within the body
  • A stage of vague and non-specific manifestations signaling the onset of illness (correct)
  • A stage characterized by overt symptoms requiring immediate intervention

    • Which of the following statements about hyperplasia is true?

    <p>Hormonal stimulation can induce hyperplastic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an episode of myocardial ischemia, what is primarily reduced?

    <p>Blood flow and consequently oxygen delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by sequelae in relation to a disease process?

    <p>Expected subsequent injuries related to the ongoing disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the term 'morbidity'?

    <p>The number of ill individuals per 100,000 population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In wound healing, which stage primarily involves blood clot formation and the initial response to injury?

    <p>Hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the term 'shift to the left' in a clinical context?

    <p>A rise in immature neutrophils indicating an acute infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the passive process of diffusion?

    <p>Natural movement of particles from an area of higher to lower concentration without energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common sign of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Swelling in the ankles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary risk factor for heart disease associated with aging?

    <p>Age above 65</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common initial manifestation of an aortic aneurysm?

    <p>Pulsatile mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high number of bands in a blood test indicate?

    <p>Acute inflammatory process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signs is indicative of pyelonephritis?

    <p>Microscopic hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a first line of defense in nonspecific immunity?

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do white blood cells (WBCs) play in the immune system?

    <p>Fight infection and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of prolonged hypercortisolism in Cushing's disease?

    <p>Glucose intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphatic organ is responsible for the maturation of T cells?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications can arise from diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of right-sided heart failure, which symptom is most likely?

    <p>Chest discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of natural immunity, which form of immunity is conferred through maternal transfer?

    <p>Passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the spleen?

    <p>Sequester and destroy abnormally shaped RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause adrenal hyperactivity leading to Cushing’s syndrome?

    <p>Lung cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the body's vascular response to inflammation?

    <p>Alteration in permeability of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary role do the kidneys serve in maintaining blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Secrete renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is true regarding the nonspecific immune responses?

    <p>They include inflammation and phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes hypoglycemia?

    <p>It can lead to loss of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lab measurement is the best indicator of kidney function?

    <p>Serum creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a symptom of hyponatremia?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal hourly urinary output range for an adult?

    <p>20-30 mL/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication occurs due to untreated diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ABG values indicates a normal PaCO2 level?

    <p>35 to 45 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by highly dilute urine and a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Diabetes Insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the thymus play in the immune system?

    <p>It serves as a site for lymphocyte maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphoid tissue?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body typically respond to high levels of acidity in the blood?

    <p>By increasing the respiratory rate to expel carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for fever development after an injury?

    <p>Secretion of pyrogens by immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is acquired through direct exposure to the pathogen?

    <p>Natural Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue is primarily involved in dissolving clots and clearing debris during the inflammatory response?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyperplasia commonly associated with?

    <p>An increase in the number of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms would indicate a possible infection in a wound?

    <p>Formation of necrotic tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a sign and a symptom in the context of disease assessment?

    <p>A sign can be detected even if the patient is unconscious, while a symptom is only known by the patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the term 'idiopathic'?

    <p>A condition with uncertain etiology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'prognosis' in relation to disease?

    <p>An estimate of the disease outcome based on various factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the clinical stage of disease?

    <p>The disease is evident and identifiable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'morbidity'?

    <p>The ratio of ill cases per 100,000 individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage is characterized by vague and nonspecific manifestations indicating a potential disease?

    <p>Prodromal stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the term 'sequelae'?

    <p>Subsequent injuries related to the original disease process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'risk factors' refer to in disease occurrence?

    <p>Contributions that increase the likelihood of a disease occurring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released from the posterior pituitary?

    <p>Conserves water by reducing urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemicals released at a wound site are responsible for signaling pain sensation?

    <p>Histamine and prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of fever during an infection?

    <p>Endogenous pyrogens released by the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) during inflammation?

    <p>Signals the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as a result of endothelial injury in chronic hyperglycemia related to diabetes?

    <p>Formation of foam cells and atherosclerotic plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of pyelonephritis?

    <p>Pain over flank and kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lab test is crucial following a heart attack to detect muscle damage?

    <p>Troponin test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the role of endothelin in response to vascular injury?

    <p>Inhibits arterial vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the respiratory system during metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Increase the rate of respirations to blow off CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition would the kidneys attempt to reabsorb maximum H+ and excrete HCO3-?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies complete compensation in acid-base balance?

    <p>pH is normal, but CO2 and HCO3 are abnormal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT associated with hyponatremia?

    <p>Excessive thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to hypernatremia in patients with diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Dehydration due to fluid loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines dilutional hyponatremia?

    <p>Low sodium in high blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body compensate during respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Retaining HCO3 and excreting H+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Low blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can significantly delay the wound healing process in elderly patients?

    <p>Reduced circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a wound healing by primary intention?

    <p>Edges are approximated with no gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factor aids in angiogenesis during the wound healing process?

    <p>VEGF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can the cicatrization (maturation) phase of wound healing take?

    <p>1 to 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following wounds would likely heal by secondary intention?

    <p>Decubitus ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily involved in remodeling collagen and fibrin during healing?

    <p>Macrophage action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of wound closure involves the use of a drainage tube to aid healing?

    <p>Tertiary intention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the nutritional factors critical for wound healing?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thymus in the lymphatic system?

    <p>To mature T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is primarily responsible for producing white blood cells?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is known as the 'graveyard of red blood cells'?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to T lymphocytes as they move toward the medulla of the thymus?

    <p>They interact with other lymphoid cells to learn to distinguish self from foreign cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the alarm stage of stress, which hormone is released to prepare the body for action?

    <p>Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a function of lymph nodes?

    <p>To filter and fight bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition occurs when there is extensive breakdown of red blood cells in the body?

    <p>Splenomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary lymphoid tissue?

    <p>Lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

    <p>Loss of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lab test is primarily used to determine the presence of inflammation?

    <p>C-reactive protein (CRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following systemic responses is commonly associated with acute inflammation?

    <p>Lymphadenopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do leukocytes play during the inflammatory response?

    <p>Remove debris and provide growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolytes are primarily regulated by the kidneys?

    <p>Potassium and sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pneumonia Signs/Symptoms

    • Cough
    • Fever
    • Shortness of breath
    • Chest pain
    • Fatigue

    Diagnosis vs. Prognosis

    • Diagnosis: identifies a disease or condition
    • Prognosis: predicts the outcome of a disease, depending on factors like the patient, environment, resources, etc.

    Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Normal Range

    • 22 to 26 mEq/L

    Apoptosis Definition

    • Genetically programmed degenerative cell death
    • Example: ovarian apoptosis in females at age 55

    Pyelonephritis Signs/Symptoms

    • Abdominal tenderness
    • Vomiting
    • Nausea
    • Chills
    • Fever
    • Dysuria
    • Urinary frequency
    • Microscopic hematuria
    • Pyuria (WBCs in urine)

    Polydipsia Definition

    • Excessive thirst

    Diabetes Insipidus

    • Lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
    • Causes hypernatremia, dehydration, polyuria, and highly dilute urine

    Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

    • Secreted in response to hypocalcemia
    • Breaks down bone to re-establish normal calcium levels

    Vitamin D and Kidneys

    • Kidneys synthesize a component of vitamin D
    • Patients with renal disease have decreased vitamin D
    • Vitamin D deficiency is related to cancers

    Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)

    • Volume of blood pumped with each ventricular contraction
    • Lower than 40% of blood volume pumped out with each contraction indicates heart failure

    Cushing's Disease/Syndrome

    • Adrenal overactivity (hyperadrenalism/hypercortisolism)
    • Caused by high cortisol levels in the blood
    • Symptoms/causes: adrenal adenoma, adrenal carcinoma, adrenal hyperplasia, tumors in the lung or other cancers, administration of oral, injected, or inhaled steroids.
    • Symptoms: osteoporosis, hypertension, immunosuppression, glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia

    Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

    • Redness (Rubor)
    • Swelling (Tumor)
    • Heat (Calor)
    • Pain (Dolor)

    Shift to the Left in Wound Healing

    • Increased immature neutrophils (bands)
    • Indicates an increase in newly formed neutrophils, usually implying an active infection or inflammatory process.

    Nonspecific Immunity

    • First line of defense
    • Composed of barriers like skin, mucus membranes, and body secretions
    • Examples: inflammation, phagocytosis, natural killer cells

    White Blood Cells (WBCs)

    • Leukocytes
    • Fight infection and pathogens
    • Respond to allergens
    • Create antibodies
    • Remove damaged tissue

    Lymphatic Organs and T Cells

    • Thymus produces and matures T-cells specifically

    Functions of the Spleen

    • Sequesters abnormal RBCs
    • Destroys them
    • Organ of immunity

    Alarm Stage of Stress

    • Characterized by central nervous system and sympathetic nervous system stimulation
    • Examples: fight-or-flight response, release of epinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

    Polycythemia

    • Opposite of anemia
    • Overabundance of RBCs
    • Can cause blood clots
    • Causes: loss of oxygen/hypoxia

    Hypoglycemia

    • Too little glucose in the blood
    • Symptoms: sweating, clammy skin, hunger, dizziness, nervousness, irritability, headache, heart palpitations, confusion, seizures, loss of consciousness.

    Metabolic Alkalosis

    • Results from loss of H+ or addition of base to body fluid
    • Blood bicarbonate values (HCO3-) greater than 26
    • Artery pH greater than 7.45

    Metabolic Acidosis

    • Abnormal accumulation of acids or loss of bases in the body
    • Arterial pH lower than 7.35
    • Symptoms include lactic acidosis, renal failure, diarrhea with loss of bicarbonate.

    Respiratory Acidosis.

    • Lungs' inability to remove CO2
    • PCO2 level is greater than 45 mm Hg.
    • Symptoms include hypoxia, shallow/labored breathing, disorientation, and dysrhythmias
    • Intubation, mechanical ventilation may be necessary as nursing action

    Kidney Function Tests

    • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): measuring the speed of kidney filtration
    • Creatinine: a muscle breakdown product that measures kidney filtration

    Hypo/Hypernatremia

    • Hyponatremia: low sodium in blood
    • Hypernatremia: high sodium in blood
    • Symptoms: Hyponatremia includes headache, lethargy, confusion, nausea, muscle cramps, spasms, apathy leading to high mortality rate
    • Hypernatremia includes oliguria, dryness, restlessness, decreased reflexes, tachycardia, and hypotension.

    Benign vs Malignant Tumors

    • Benign tumors: well-differentiated, remain localized, and do not break away from the original tumor cell mass.
    • Malignant tumors: poorly differentiated, invasive, destructive, and can spread (metastasize) to distant sites.

    Ketosis

    • Condition of producing excess ketones
    • Symptom often in T1DM, but not in T2DM
    • Dangerously imbalances body pH

    Failure of the Immune System

    • Autoimmune disorders
    • Immunosuppression/immunocompromised
    • Increased susceptibility to diseases and infections
    • Inability to fight against pathogens, bacteria, and viruses
    • Potential for severe infections

    Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

    • Exposure to excess maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy
    • Resulting physical and intellectual abnormalities in the infant (e.g., retarded physical growth, intellectual disabilities, cardiac defects, musculoskeletal abnormalities, and smaller size than normal)

    Role of Cortisol

    • Regulates body's response to stress and danger
    • Has anti-inflammatory properties

    Heart Attack Symptoms

    • Diaphoresis (sweating)
    • Dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
    • Extreme anxiety
    • Chest pain (Levine sign - fist to chest)
    • Pallor (pale appearance)
    • Retrosternal crushing chest pain radiating to the shoulder, arm, jaw, or back
    • Weak pulses

    Process of Wound Healing

    • Hemostasis (initial response)
    • Inflammation (typically lasts up to five days)
    • Proliferation (weeks to build strength)
    • Wound contraction and remodeling (up to two years)

    Hypertrophy

    • Increase in the size of tissues or organs, usually due to an increased workload.

    Hyperplasia

    • Increase in the number of cells, potentially due to compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic reasons.

    What would a patient be at risk for with Diabetes Insipidus?

    • Dehydration
    • Hypernatremia
    • Electrolyte imbalance

    What Are the Cardinal Signs of Inflammation?

    • Redness (rubor)
    • Swelling (tumor)
    • Heat (calor)
    • Pain (dolor)
    • Loss of function (functio laesa)

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the signs and symptoms of various medical conditions like pneumonia and pyelonephritis. Additionally, understand the differences between diagnosis and prognosis, along with key hormonal functions and definitions. This quiz covers essential elements in medical science that every student should know.

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