39 Questions
What is the consequence if the p-value is greater than the alpha level?
We fail to reject the null hypothesis
What type of error occurs when the null hypothesis is true but rejected?
Type I error
In hypothesis testing, what does a confidence interval not including the null value indicate?
We reject the null hypothesis
What is the consequence if the p-value is less than the alpha level?
We reject the null hypothesis
What happens if a Type II error occurs in hypothesis testing?
The null hypothesis is accepted
What is the purpose of the null hypothesis (Ho) in hypothesis testing?
To provide a formalized skepticism and assume no difference, effect, or association until evidence proves otherwise
In the context of hypothesis testing, what does the alternative hypothesis (Ha) represent?
The complementary proposition to the null hypothesis (Ho) being tested
Which of the following best represents a null hypothesis (Ho) for the given Case 3 example?
Mean birthweight in counties implemented starting right is equal with the mean weight birthweight in non-starting right implemented counties
What is the significance level (α) for a 95% confidence level in hypothesis testing?
0.05
How is the rejection region used in determining statistical significance in hypothesis testing?
To decide if the null hypothesis should be rejected based on the test statistics
What is a major limitation of cross-sectional studies?
They cannot establish temporal relationship
Why are case-control studies useful for rare outcomes?
Because they can calculate odds ratio directly
What is a limitation of case-control studies?
They cannot estimate risk
Why is it hard for cross-sectional studies to establish temporal relationships?
Due to the difficulty in determining if exposure came before the outcome
What type of study design would be most appropriate for identifying risk factors needing urgent attention?
Cross-sectional study
Which test is used to determine if all the means of different categories are equal to each other?
ANOVA
What does a chi-square test determine?
Association between categorical variables
When is a two-sample t test used?
When the independent variable is a binary variable
What does correlation (r) measure?
Association between continuous variables
What do relative risk (RR) and odds ratio (OR) measure?
Difference in proportions
What is the 'null value' for measures like RR and OR?
1
If a confidence interval for a Relative Risk (RR) spans the value of 1, what can be concluded about its statistical significance?
It is not statistically significant
What does it mean if the p-value is less than 0.05 in hypothesis testing?
The null hypothesis is rejected
What test would you use to compare two sample proportions to each other?
Two-sample z test
In a one-sample z test, what does the independent variable represent?
A constant
What does Sensitivity measure in a screening test?
The proportion of positive tests that are truly positive
What does Specificity measure in a screening test?
The proportion of negative tests that are truly negative
What does Positive Predictive Value (PPV) measure?
The proportion of positive tests that are truly positive
What is a determinant of Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?
The prevalence of disease in the population tested
What does Negative Predictive Value (NPV) measure?
The proportion of negative tests that are truly negative
What is the main advantage of a cohort study design?
It is the only design that can establish a temporal relationship between exposure and outcome
What distinguishes a case-control study from a cohort study?
Case-control studies focus on comparing incidence of disease in exposed and unexposed groups
In an outbreak investigation, what can the shape of an epidemic curve help us understand?
Trends and clues about the source of the outbreak
Which study design provides stronger evidence as you move up the pyramid of evidence?
Cohort studies
What is a key component of outbreak investigations?
Developing case definitions and using epidemic curves
Why are cohort studies particularly useful for investigating rare exposures?
They allow for following individuals over time to assess outcomes
What type of study design focuses on comparing the incidence of disease in exposed and unexposed groups?
Case-control study
In an outbreak investigation, what distinguishes confirmed from suspected cases?
The certainty about whether the individual has the disease
What does the shape of an epidemic curve primarily help to understand during an outbreak investigation?
The trends and clues about the source of the outbreak
Test your knowledge of medical screening test metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value. Understand how to calculate and interpret these metrics to evaluate the performance of screening tests.
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