Midterm review 2

A type of skin infection caused by bacteria that damage the skin barrier, leading to blister formation. Can be non-bullous, caused by both Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria, or bullous, mainly caused by Staphylococcus bacteria.

A viral skin infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is responsible for both chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster).

A viral skin infection caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), which can cause a variety of infections. HSV-1 typically leads to cold sores, while HSV-2 often causes genital lesions.

A group of fungi that cause superficial skin lesions by feeding on keratin, often leading to conditions like Tinea infections.

A fungal infection caused by various fungi that thrive on keratin, leading to skin lesions. Examples include Tinea infections and Candidiasis.

A type of mycoses that are classified by their location on the body. Examples include tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), tinea pedis (feet), and tinea unguium (nails).

A fungal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans, impacting skin and mucous membranes. It becomes pathogenic in immunosuppressed individuals.

The time in the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle relaxes, allowing blood to fill the chambers.

The time in the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle contracts, pumping blood out of the chambers.

The volume and pressure inside the ventricle at the end of diastole (when it's full of blood).

The resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood during systole (contraction).

The ability of the heart muscle to contract independently of preload and afterload. Greater contractility means a stronger pump.

A relationship where the force of ventricular contraction increases as the heart muscle fibers are stretched, up to a certain limit. This helps match blood output to inflow.

A hardening of the arteries caused by the buildup of plaque, primarily composed of lipid-laden macrophages. It can affect arteries throughout the body.

They increase LDL (bad) cholesterol, damage blood vessels, and make them prone to plaque buildup.

Inflammation and damage to the lining of arteries, attracting immune cells and leading to plaque buildup.

The resistance the left ventricle faces when pumping blood out into the aorta.

A condition where the heart's left ventricle cannot pump blood effectively, leading to a buildup of pressure in the lungs and eventually the right ventricle.

A condition where the right ventricle cannot pump blood effectively into the pulmonary circulation.

A condition where the pressure in the pulmonary arteries is high, making it harder for the right ventricle to pump blood to the lungs.

The narrowing of blood vessels in the lungs when the tissue is poorly oxygenated, which can lead to pulmonary hypertension.

Inflammation in the lungs can cause thickening and narrowing of blood vessels, leading to pulmonary hypertension.

A complex system that regulates blood pressure and fluid volume in the body. It can worsen heart failure by increasing afterload and preload.

The sympathetic nervous system triggers vasoconstriction and ADH release, contributing to fluid retention and increased afterload in heart failure.

This refers to the amount of blood your heart has to pump out with each beat. It can be increased in heart failure due to fluid retention or other factors.

It's a common cause of right-sided heart failure where pressure from the left side of the heart backs up into the pulmonary circulation, making it hard for the right ventricle to pump blood.

Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood.

Decreased oxygen (O2) levels in the arterial blood, which can lead to a bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis).

A condition characterized by either low oxygen levels (hypoxemia) or high carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia) in the blood, along with a blood pH of 7.25 or lower.

An imbalance in blood acidity caused by the lungs' inability to remove enough carbon dioxide (CO2). This leads to an increase in blood acidity.

An imbalance in blood acidity caused by the lungs removing too much carbon dioxide (CO2). This leads to a decrease in blood acidity.

An imbalance in blood acidity caused by either an excess of acid in the body or a loss of bicarbonate (a base).

An imbalance in blood acidity caused by either a loss of acid or an excess of bicarbonate (a base) in the body.

The relationship between ventilation (airflow) and perfusion (blood flow) in the lungs.

A chronic inflammatory condition characterized by abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas-exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis.

A chronic lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive and is associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways to noxious particles or gases.

A group of immune cells that play a key role in the development of asthma. They release substances like IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, and IL-13, which contribute to inflammation and airway narrowing in asthma.

Antibodies that play a crucial role in allergic reactions. They bind to allergens on the surface of mast cells, triggering their degranulation and the release of inflammatory mediators.

A type of immune cell that releases histamine and other inflammatory mediators upon activation. They are involved in the early phase of allergic reactions.

A significant symptom of asthma that involves narrowing of the airways due to the contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding them.

The process by which the body attempts to clear excess mucus from the airways. In asthma, it can be exaggerated, leading to mucus buildup and obstruction of the airways.

The adaptive immune system is a specific and long-lasting defense mechanism against pathogens, involving T cells and B cells. T cells mature in the thymus and differentiate into helper (Th) cells, which orchestrate the immune response, and cytotoxic (Tc) cells, which kill infected or cancerous cells. B cells mature in the bone marrow and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies to target pathogens, and memory B cells, which provide long-term immunity.

Type I hypersensitivity reactions, also known as immediate hypersensitivity reactions, are mediated by IgE antibodies. They occur within minutes to a few hours after exposure to an allergen. Examples include allergic rhinitis, asthma, and anaphylaxis.

Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve antibodies directed against antigens on the surface of specific cells or tissues. This leads to cell destruction or dysfunction through mechanisms like complement-mediated lysis.

Type III hypersensitivity reactions are caused by the formation of immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are cell-mediated, involving T cells and delayed responses. They occur within days after exposure to the antigen. Examples include contact dermatitis and tuberculin reactions.

Allergy is a type of hypersensitivity reaction triggered by environmental antigens, while autoimmunity involves the immune system attacking self-antigens. Alloimmunity occurs when the immune system attacks tissues from another individual, like during transplantation.

The inflammatory response initiated by the innate immune system can attract and activate cells of the adaptive immune system. Antigen-presenting cells of the innate system present antigens to T cells, triggering the adaptive response. Antibodies and cytokines from the adaptive system can enhance innate immune responses.

A retrovirus that primarily infects and destroys CD4+ T helper cells, weakening the immune system.

The enzyme used by HIV to convert its RNA genome into DNA, allowing it to integrate into the host's genome.

The viral glycoprotein on the HIV envelope that binds to CD4 receptors on T helper cells, initiating infection.

The state of a person with HIV when their CD4+ T cell count drops significantly, increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections.

A condition characterized by an abnormal energy balance, often due to decreased calorie intake and increased energy expenditure, contributing to muscle wasting and weight loss.

The amount of HIV present in the blood, indicating the level of viral activity and the rate of infection.

Proteins released by the immune system during inflammation, contributing to the energy imbalance in cachexia.

A measure of immune system health, reflecting the number of CD4+ T helper cells in the blood.

The process of HIV integrating its DNA into the host's genome, allowing it to remain dormant for years.

Stones formed in the urinary tract when salts in urine become supersaturated, precipitate, and grow into crystals. The most common type is calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate.

A condition where the bladder's control is impaired due to nerve damage, leading to difficulty emptying the bladder and potential obstruction.

This occurs when one kidney is obstructed, causing the other kidney to work harder and increase in size and function.

Involuntary urine leakage that happens with sudden increases in intra-abdominal pressure, like coughing, sneezing, or laughing.

Involuntary urine loss due to a strong urge to urinate, often associated with older adults and neurological conditions.

A condition where a blood clot forms in a coronary artery, blocking blood flow to the heart muscle. This can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and other symptoms.

A type of acute coronary syndrome where the blood clot is unstable and dissolves quickly, causing temporary chest pain.

A type of acute coronary syndrome where the blood clot is stable and blocks the artery for a long time, causing permanent damage to the heart muscle.

A rare type of angina caused by spasms in the coronary arteries, often occurring during sleep or rest.

A type of MI where the blood clot partially blocks the artery, causing damage to the inner layer of the heart muscle.

A type of MI where the blood clot completely blocks the artery, causing damage to the entire thickness of the heart muscle.

A crushing or squeezing sensation in the chest that may radiate to the arms, jaw, neck, or back.

Difficulty breathing, feeling like you can't get enough air.

Excessive sweating, often cold and clammy.

Feeling nauseous or sick to your stomach.

The most common type of skin cancer, originating from basal cells in the epidermis. It often appears on sun-exposed areas and has various subtypes and presentations. It can look like a pearly or waxy bump, a flat, flesh-colored or brown scar-like lesion, or a bleeding or scabbing sore that heals and returns.

A type of skin cancer arising from epidermal keratinocytes, linked to sun exposure. It can either be localized (in situ) or invade other tissues. It can look like a firm, red nodule, a flat lesion with a scaly, crusted surface, or a sore that doesn't heal or heals and returns.

A type of skin cancer that can develop from an existing mole or appear as a new dark spot on the skin. The ABCDE rule is used to assess moles: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter greater than 6 mm, evolving (changing in size, shape, or color). Nevi (moles), originating from melanocytes, may transition into malignant melanoma - multiple/changing

A chronic inflammatory skin disorder driven by immune system dysregulation, leading to accelerated skin cell turnover and the formation of characteristic plaques. The typical turnover time for epidermal cells is 26-30 days, but in psoriasis, this is shortened to 3-4 days, resulting in thickened plaques.

The most significant risk factor for skin cancer. Excessive exposure to the sun's UV radiation damages DNA in skin cells, leading to mutations that can cause uncontrolled cell growth and the development of skin cancer.

An important risk factor for skin cancer, as fair skin and light hair are less able to protect against UV radiation.

A risk factor for skin cancer, as a weakened immune system may be less effective in fighting off abnormal cell growth.

A risk factor for skin cancer, as certain chemicals can damage DNA in skin cells and increase the risk of developing cancer.

Scaly, thick, silvery, elevated, well-demarcated lesions, usually found on the scalp, elbows, or knees, with plaque psoriasis being the most common type.

The specific antigenic trigger in psoriasis remains unknown, but its interaction with the immune system is understood. An unknown antigen activates dendritic cells, which then activate Th1 and Th17 cells. These activated T cells migrate to the skin and release cytokines (like IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and chemokines, attracting more immune cells and contributing to epidermal inflammation.