Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the hallmark triad of meningitis?
Which of the following is the hallmark triad of meningitis?
Which condition primarily affects the protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord?
Which condition primarily affects the protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of meningitis?
A) Vomiting
B) Irritability in children
C) Altered mental status
D) Neck stiffness
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of meningitis?
A) Vomiting B) Irritability in children C) Altered mental status D) Neck stiffness
Encephalitis typically causes which of the following symptoms? (Select all that apply)
Encephalitis typically causes which of the following symptoms? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a shared symptom between meningitis and encephalitis?
A) Altered mental status
B) Seizures
C) Neck stiffness
D) Photophobia
Which of the following is a shared symptom between meningitis and encephalitis?
A) Altered mental status B) Seizures C) Neck stiffness D) Photophobia
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following viruses can cause post-infectious encephalitis, such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?
Which of the following viruses can cause post-infectious encephalitis, such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which virus is commonly associated with causing flaccid paralysis as part of a lower motor neuron involvement?
Which virus is commonly associated with causing flaccid paralysis as part of a lower motor neuron involvement?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following viruses is most commonly linked with enteroviral meningitis?
Which of the following viruses is most commonly linked with enteroviral meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following mosquito-borne viruses is associated with encephalitis?
Which of the following mosquito-borne viruses is associated with encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of CNS infection is typically caused by Herpes simplex virus (HSV)?
What type of CNS infection is typically caused by Herpes simplex virus (HSV)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following viruses can cause vasculitis, arteritis, and stroke as a complication in the CNS?
Which of the following viruses can cause vasculitis, arteritis, and stroke as a complication in the CNS?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viral infection typically presents with meningitis symptoms such as headache, fever, and photophobia?
Which viral infection typically presents with meningitis symptoms such as headache, fever, and photophobia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following viruses is associated with tick-borne encephalitis?
Which of the following viruses is associated with tick-borne encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following viruses is the most common cause of viral meningitis?
Which of the following viruses is the most common cause of viral meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of viral meningitis?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of viral meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common route of infection for enteroviruses to reach the CNS in viral meningitis?
What is the most common route of infection for enteroviruses to reach the CNS in viral meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following viruses can reach the CNS along nerve pathways, causing viral meningitis?
Which of the following viruses can reach the CNS along nerve pathways, causing viral meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the typical primary site of multiplication for enteroviruses, which can then lead to viral meningitis?
Which of the following is the typical primary site of multiplication for enteroviruses, which can then lead to viral meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following viruses is associated with viral meningitis and can also cause encephalitis?
Which of the following viruses is associated with viral meningitis and can also cause encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following viruses can cause viral meningitis through the olfactory mucosa?
Which of the following viruses can cause viral meningitis through the olfactory mucosa?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of cellular damage in the CNS during a viral infection?
What is the primary cause of cellular damage in the CNS during a viral infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which aspect of the body's immune response plays a significant role in the pathology of viral CNS infections?
Which aspect of the body's immune response plays a significant role in the pathology of viral CNS infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly seen in viral meningitis?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly seen in viral meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the clinical presentation of viral meningitis typically compare to bacterial meningitis?
How does the clinical presentation of viral meningitis typically compare to bacterial meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the most common route through which viruses cause CNS damage?
Which of the following is the most common route through which viruses cause CNS damage?
Signup and view all the answers
In viral meningitis, which of the following is true about the patient's condition compared to those with bacterial meningitis?
A) Viral meningitis patients are usually sicker than bacterial meningitis patients
B) Patients with viral meningitis typically show more severe neurological impairment
C) Viral meningitis is usually less severe, and patients are not as sick as those with bacterial meningitis
D) Viral meningitis patients always have a higher fever than bacterial meningitis patients
In viral meningitis, which of the following is true about the patient's condition compared to those with bacterial meningitis?
A) Viral meningitis patients are usually sicker than bacterial meningitis patients B) Patients with viral meningitis typically show more severe neurological impairment C) Viral meningitis is usually less severe, and patients are not as sick as those with bacterial meningitis D) Viral meningitis patients always have a higher fever than bacterial meningitis patients
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the most common cause of viral meningitis, especially in infants and young children?
Which of the following is the most common cause of viral meningitis, especially in infants and young children?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following subtypes of non-polio enteroviruses is most commonly associated with viral meningitis?
Which of the following subtypes of non-polio enteroviruses is most commonly associated with viral meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary route of transmission for non-polio enteroviruses?
What is the primary route of transmission for non-polio enteroviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
In non-polio enterovirus infections, which of the following is NOT a typical symptom?
In non-polio enterovirus infections, which of the following is NOT a typical symptom?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the peak activity period for non-polio enterovirus infections?
What is the peak activity period for non-polio enterovirus infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following groups is most at risk for severe illness from non-polio enterovirus infections?
A) Elderly adults
B) Neonates and young infants
C) Healthy adults
D) Adolescents
Which of the following groups is most at risk for severe illness from non-polio enterovirus infections?
A) Elderly adults B) Neonates and young infants C) Healthy adults D) Adolescents
Signup and view all the answers
What is the human reservoir for non-polio enteroviruses?
What is the human reservoir for non-polio enteroviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following non-polio enteroviruses is strongly associated with encephalitis, especially in East and Southeast Asia?
Which of the following non-polio enteroviruses is strongly associated with encephalitis, especially in East and Southeast Asia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the possible neurological complication associated with Enterovirus D68?
What is the possible neurological complication associated with Enterovirus D68?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common systemic manifestation of non-polio enteroviral infections, not involving the CNS?
Which of the following is a common systemic manifestation of non-polio enteroviral infections, not involving the CNS?
Signup and view all the answers
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is most commonly caused by which of the following viruses?
A) Coxsackie viruses and Enterovirus 71
B) Epstein-Barr virus
C) Herpes simplex virus
D) Varicella-zoster virus
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is most commonly caused by which of the following viruses?
A) Coxsackie viruses and Enterovirus 71 B) Epstein-Barr virus C) Herpes simplex virus D) Varicella-zoster virus
Signup and view all the answers
On-polio enteroviruses often cause mild illnesses, but in rare cases, they can lead to serious conditions. Which of the following can be a manifestation in addition to CNS involvement?
On-polio enteroviruses often cause mild illnesses, but in rare cases, they can lead to serious conditions. Which of the following can be a manifestation in addition to CNS involvement?
Signup and view all the answers
In addition to causing encephalitis, Enterovirus 71 is also commonly associated with which of the following conditions?
In addition to causing encephalitis, Enterovirus 71 is also commonly associated with which of the following conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following infections can cause a lymphocytic response in the CSF, making it important to differentiate from viral meningitis?
A) Leptospirosis
B) Cryptococcosis
C) Syphilis
D) All of the above
Which of the following infections can cause a lymphocytic response in the CSF, making it important to differentiate from viral meningitis?
A) Leptospirosis B) Cryptococcosis C) Syphilis D) All of the above
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with a lymphocytic CSF response?
Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with a lymphocytic CSF response?
Signup and view all the answers
Treatment of viral meningitis (except in the neonatal period) typically involves which of the following?
A) Antiviral therapy with aciclovir
B) Supportive care, including rest and hydration
C) Intravenous antibiotics
D) Steroid therapy for inflammation
Treatment of viral meningitis (except in the neonatal period) typically involves which of the following?
A) Antiviral therapy with aciclovir B) Supportive care, including rest and hydration C) Intravenous antibiotics D) Steroid therapy for inflammation
Signup and view all the answers
HSV encephalitis should be treated with which of the following medications?
HSV encephalitis should be treated with which of the following medications?
Signup and view all the answers
Mumps meningitis is preventable by vaccination. Which vaccine provides protection against mumps?
Mumps meningitis is preventable by vaccination. Which vaccine provides protection against mumps?
Signup and view all the answers
In cases of viral meningitis, why might acyclovir be considered in some instances despite being used primarily for HSV encephalitis?
In cases of viral meningitis, why might acyclovir be considered in some instances despite being used primarily for HSV encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Seizure management in viral meningitis involves which of the following?
Seizure management in viral meningitis involves which of the following?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common causative agent of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in Northern European countries?
What is the most common causative agent of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in Northern European countries?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best explains the route of infection in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis?
Which of the following best explains the route of infection in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
In neonatal HSV encephalitis, the infection is primarily caused by which virus?
A) HSV-1
B) HSV-2
C) Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
D) Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
In neonatal HSV encephalitis, the infection is primarily caused by which virus?
A) HSV-1 B) HSV-2 C) Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) D) Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the brain is most commonly affected in adults and children over the age of 3 months with HSV-1 encephalitis?
Which part of the brain is most commonly affected in adults and children over the age of 3 months with HSV-1 encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mortality rate for HSV-1 encephalitis in adults and children without treatment?
What is the mortality rate for HSV-1 encephalitis in adults and children without treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
The clinical features of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis typically include all of the following except:
The clinical features of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis typically include all of the following except:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the key diagnostic method for HSV encephalitis?
What is the key diagnostic method for HSV encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the treatment of choice for Herpes Simplex Encephalitis?
What is the treatment of choice for Herpes Simplex Encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
In neonatal HSV encephalitis, what is the primary route of infection?
In neonatal HSV encephalitis, what is the primary route of infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most important preventive measure for neonatal HSV encephalitis?
A) Antiviral treatment during pregnancy
B) Vaccination of neonates against HSV
C) Guidelines on genital herpes in pregnancy to avoid primary infection
D) Caesarean section for all pregnant women
What is the most important preventive measure for neonatal HSV encephalitis?
A) Antiviral treatment during pregnancy B) Vaccination of neonates against HSV C) Guidelines on genital herpes in pregnancy to avoid primary infection D) Caesarean section for all pregnant women
Signup and view all the answers
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) encephalitis can occur as a complication of which of the following?
A) Primary infection (varicella/chickenpox)
B) Reactivation of latent virus (shingles)
C) Both A and B
D) Only bacterial infection
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) encephalitis can occur as a complication of which of the following?
A) Primary infection (varicella/chickenpox) B) Reactivation of latent virus (shingles) C) Both A and B D) Only bacterial infection
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the most common clinical presentation of VZV encephalitis?
Which of the following is the most common clinical presentation of VZV encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the diagnostic test of choice for detecting VZV encephalitis?
What is the diagnostic test of choice for detecting VZV encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the treatment of choice for VZV encephalitis?
What is the treatment of choice for VZV encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a preventive measure for VZV encephalitis? (Select one)
Which of the following is a preventive measure for VZV encephalitis? (Select one)
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the main reservoir for the rabies virus?
Which of the following is the main reservoir for the rabies virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical incubation period for rabies after exposure?
What is the typical incubation period for rabies after exposure?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the rabies virus travel to the brain?
How does the rabies virus travel to the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the clinical presentation during the prodrome phase of rabies infection?
What is the clinical presentation during the prodrome phase of rabies infection?
Signup and view all the answers
The definitive diagnosis of rabies can be confirmed by which of the following methods?
The definitive diagnosis of rabies can be confirmed by which of the following methods?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the treatment for rabies exposure?
What is the treatment for rabies exposure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a preventive measure for rabies? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a preventive measure for rabies? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following are common CNS symptoms in the later stages of rabies infection?
Which of the following are common CNS symptoms in the later stages of rabies infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic progression of rabies after the prodrome phase?
What is the characteristic progression of rabies after the prodrome phase?
Signup and view all the answers
Which laboratory test is most commonly used to diagnose rabies?
Which laboratory test is most commonly used to diagnose rabies?
Signup and view all the answers
A skin biopsy from the nape of the neck (above the hairline) is used in rabies diagnosis for which purpose?
A skin biopsy from the nape of the neck (above the hairline) is used in rabies diagnosis for which purpose?
Signup and view all the answers
If a patient has no prior rabies vaccination or post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which of the following is useful for diagnosis?
If a patient has no prior rabies vaccination or post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which of the following is useful for diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the most common host for the West Nile virus? A) Humans B) Birds C) Ticks D) Bats
Which of the following is the most common host for the West Nile virus? A) Humans B) Birds C) Ticks D) Bats
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common clinical presentation of West Nile virus infection?
What is the most common clinical presentation of West Nile virus infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following groups are at higher risk for severe symptoms from West Nile virus infection?
Which of the following groups are at higher risk for severe symptoms from West Nile virus infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended diagnostic method for West Nile virus infection?
What is the recommended diagnostic method for West Nile virus infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical management approach for West Nile virus infection?
What is the typical management approach for West Nile virus infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary vector for Japanese Encephalitis (JE) transmission?
What is the primary vector for Japanese Encephalitis (JE) transmission?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of environment is Japanese Encephalitis (JE) most commonly found?
In which type of environment is Japanese Encephalitis (JE) most commonly found?
Signup and view all the answers
Which age group is most affected by Japanese Encephalitis (JE) infection?
Which age group is most affected by Japanese Encephalitis (JE) infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the case fatality rate for Japanese Encephalitis in infected individuals?
What is the case fatality rate for Japanese Encephalitis in infected individuals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the most important preventive measure for Japanese Encephalitis?
Which of the following is the most important preventive measure for Japanese Encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the most accurate method for diagnosing West Nile virus infection in the early stages?
Which of the following is the most accurate method for diagnosing West Nile virus infection in the early stages?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true regarding the epidemiology of West Nile virus? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is true regarding the epidemiology of West Nile virus? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most significant risk factor for severe West Nile virus disease?
What is the most significant risk factor for severe West Nile virus disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended diagnostic test for suspected Japanese Encephalitis infection?
What is the recommended diagnostic test for suspected Japanese Encephalitis infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the primary mode of transmission for Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
Which of the following is the primary mode of transmission for Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the geographic distribution of Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
Which of the following best describes the geographic distribution of Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the incubation period for Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
What is the incubation period for Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which phase of Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE) involves the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which phase of Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE) involves the central nervous system (CNS)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most effective preventive measure against Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
A) Antiviral medications
B) Immunization with TBE vaccine
C) Avoidance of mosquito bites
D) Use of antibiotics
What is the most effective preventive measure against Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
A) Antiviral medications B) Immunization with TBE vaccine C) Avoidance of mosquito bites D) Use of antibiotics
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common cause of paralytic poliomyelitis?
What is the most common cause of paralytic poliomyelitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main method of transmission for poliovirus?
A) Airborne transmission
B) Contact with contaminated water
C) Fecal-oral route
D) Inhalation of respiratory droplets
What is the main method of transmission for poliovirus?
A) Airborne transmission B) Contact with contaminated water C) Fecal-oral route D) Inhalation of respiratory droplets
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following countries still reported wild poliovirus cases in 2020?
A) India and Bangladesh
B) Pakistan and Afghanistan
C) Egypt and Sudan
D) Russia and Mongolia
Which of the following countries still reported wild poliovirus cases in 2020?
A) India and Bangladesh B) Pakistan and Afghanistan C) Egypt and Sudan D) Russia and Mongolia
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of polio is characterized by asymmetric paralysis, usually affecting the legs and due to destruction of lower motor neurons?
Which type of polio is characterized by asymmetric paralysis, usually affecting the legs and due to destruction of lower motor neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
Bulbar polio primarily affects which of the following?
A) Lower extremities
B) Tongue and pharyngeal muscles
C) Respiratory muscles
D) Sensory neurons
Bulbar polio primarily affects which of the following?
A) Lower extremities B) Tongue and pharyngeal muscles C) Respiratory muscles D) Sensory neurons
Signup and view all the answers
What condition occurs 30-40 years after paralytic polio and is characterized by increased muscle weakness and pain?
A) Post-polio syndrome
B) Guillain-Barré syndrome
C) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
D) Spinal cord atrophy
What condition occurs 30-40 years after paralytic polio and is characterized by increased muscle weakness and pain?
A) Post-polio syndrome B) Guillain-Barré syndrome C) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy D) Spinal cord atrophy
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following has contributed to the re-emergence of polio in areas previously considered eradicated?
Which of the following has contributed to the re-emergence of polio in areas previously considered eradicated?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a major feature of congenital Zika syndrome?
Which of the following is a major feature of congenital Zika syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
Zika virus infection is associated with which neurological condition?
A) Guillain-Barré syndrome
B) Multiple sclerosis
C) Parkinson’s disease
D) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Zika virus infection is associated with which neurological condition?
A) Guillain-Barré syndrome B) Multiple sclerosis C) Parkinson’s disease D) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a feature of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)?
Which of the following is a feature of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the treatment approach for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)?
Which of the following is the treatment approach for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)?
Signup and view all the answers
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by the reactivation of which virus?
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by the reactivation of which virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive complication of which viral infection?
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive complication of which viral infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)?
A) TSEs are caused by viruses that are inactivated by standard chemical and thermal methods.
B) TSEs evoke a strong immune response.
C) TSEs have a long incubation period and are fatal degenerative diseases.
D) The causative agent of TSEs is a bacterium.
Which of the following is true about Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)?
A) TSEs are caused by viruses that are inactivated by standard chemical and thermal methods. B) TSEs evoke a strong immune response. C) TSEs have a long incubation period and are fatal degenerative diseases. D) The causative agent of TSEs is a bacterium.
Signup and view all the answers
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is most commonly caused by which of the following?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is most commonly caused by which of the following?
Signup and view all the answers
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) is primarily associated with which of the following?
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) is primarily associated with which of the following?
Signup and view all the answers
How can Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) be prevented?
How can Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) be prevented?
Signup and view all the answers
Which diagnostic test is commonly used for detecting Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Which diagnostic test is commonly used for detecting Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most effective method for sterilizing surgical instruments exposed to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
What is the most effective method for sterilizing surgical instruments exposed to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is NOT characteristic of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT characteristic of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) from classic CJD?
What distinguishes Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) from classic CJD?
Signup and view all the answers
What is considered the most definitive method for diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
What is considered the most definitive method for diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which strategy effectively helps prevent the spread of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the community?
Which strategy effectively helps prevent the spread of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the community?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it important to avoid reusing surgical instruments that were used in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Why is it important to avoid reusing surgical instruments that were used in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following methods is considered least effective at eliminating prion proteins from surgical instruments?
Which of the following methods is considered least effective at eliminating prion proteins from surgical instruments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary concern regarding prion protein transmission in the context of surgical instruments?
What is a primary concern regarding prion protein transmission in the context of surgical instruments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary route of transmission for Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
What is the primary route of transmission for Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
Signup and view all the answers
