Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the hallmark triad of meningitis?
Which of the following is the hallmark triad of meningitis?
- Fever, headache, and altered mental status
- Headache, neck stiffness, and photophobia (correct)
- Seizures, weakness, and vomiting
- Motor deficits, sensory deficits, and personality changes
Which condition primarily affects the protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord?
Which condition primarily affects the protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord?
- Meningitis (correct)
- Encephalitis
- Stroke
- Epilepsy
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of meningitis?
A) Vomiting
B) Irritability in children
C) Altered mental status
D) Neck stiffness
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of meningitis?
A) Vomiting B) Irritability in children C) Altered mental status D) Neck stiffness
- Vomiting
- Irritability in children
- Altered mental status (correct)
- Neck stiffness
Encephalitis typically causes which of the following symptoms? (Select all that apply)
Encephalitis typically causes which of the following symptoms? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a shared symptom between meningitis and encephalitis?
A) Altered mental status
B) Seizures
C) Neck stiffness
D) Photophobia
Which of the following is a shared symptom between meningitis and encephalitis?
A) Altered mental status B) Seizures C) Neck stiffness D) Photophobia
Which of the following viruses can cause post-infectious encephalitis, such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?
Which of the following viruses can cause post-infectious encephalitis, such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?
Which virus is commonly associated with causing flaccid paralysis as part of a lower motor neuron involvement?
Which virus is commonly associated with causing flaccid paralysis as part of a lower motor neuron involvement?
Which of the following viruses is most commonly linked with enteroviral meningitis?
Which of the following viruses is most commonly linked with enteroviral meningitis?
Which of the following mosquito-borne viruses is associated with encephalitis?
Which of the following mosquito-borne viruses is associated with encephalitis?
What type of CNS infection is typically caused by Herpes simplex virus (HSV)?
What type of CNS infection is typically caused by Herpes simplex virus (HSV)?
Which of the following viruses can cause vasculitis, arteritis, and stroke as a complication in the CNS?
Which of the following viruses can cause vasculitis, arteritis, and stroke as a complication in the CNS?
Which viral infection typically presents with meningitis symptoms such as headache, fever, and photophobia?
Which viral infection typically presents with meningitis symptoms such as headache, fever, and photophobia?
Which of the following viruses is associated with tick-borne encephalitis?
Which of the following viruses is associated with tick-borne encephalitis?
Which of the following viruses is the most common cause of viral meningitis?
Which of the following viruses is the most common cause of viral meningitis?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of viral meningitis?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of viral meningitis?
What is the most common route of infection for enteroviruses to reach the CNS in viral meningitis?
What is the most common route of infection for enteroviruses to reach the CNS in viral meningitis?
Which of the following viruses can reach the CNS along nerve pathways, causing viral meningitis?
Which of the following viruses can reach the CNS along nerve pathways, causing viral meningitis?
Which of the following is the typical primary site of multiplication for enteroviruses, which can then lead to viral meningitis?
Which of the following is the typical primary site of multiplication for enteroviruses, which can then lead to viral meningitis?
Which of the following viruses is associated with viral meningitis and can also cause encephalitis?
Which of the following viruses is associated with viral meningitis and can also cause encephalitis?
Which of the following viruses can cause viral meningitis through the olfactory mucosa?
Which of the following viruses can cause viral meningitis through the olfactory mucosa?
What is the primary cause of cellular damage in the CNS during a viral infection?
What is the primary cause of cellular damage in the CNS during a viral infection?
Which aspect of the body's immune response plays a significant role in the pathology of viral CNS infections?
Which aspect of the body's immune response plays a significant role in the pathology of viral CNS infections?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly seen in viral meningitis?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly seen in viral meningitis?
How does the clinical presentation of viral meningitis typically compare to bacterial meningitis?
How does the clinical presentation of viral meningitis typically compare to bacterial meningitis?
Which of the following is the most common route through which viruses cause CNS damage?
Which of the following is the most common route through which viruses cause CNS damage?
In viral meningitis, which of the following is true about the patient's condition compared to those with bacterial meningitis?
A) Viral meningitis patients are usually sicker than bacterial meningitis patients
B) Patients with viral meningitis typically show more severe neurological impairment
C) Viral meningitis is usually less severe, and patients are not as sick as those with bacterial meningitis
D) Viral meningitis patients always have a higher fever than bacterial meningitis patients
In viral meningitis, which of the following is true about the patient's condition compared to those with bacterial meningitis?
A) Viral meningitis patients are usually sicker than bacterial meningitis patients B) Patients with viral meningitis typically show more severe neurological impairment C) Viral meningitis is usually less severe, and patients are not as sick as those with bacterial meningitis D) Viral meningitis patients always have a higher fever than bacterial meningitis patients
Which of the following is the most common cause of viral meningitis, especially in infants and young children?
Which of the following is the most common cause of viral meningitis, especially in infants and young children?
Which of the following subtypes of non-polio enteroviruses is most commonly associated with viral meningitis?
Which of the following subtypes of non-polio enteroviruses is most commonly associated with viral meningitis?
What is the primary route of transmission for non-polio enteroviruses?
What is the primary route of transmission for non-polio enteroviruses?
In non-polio enterovirus infections, which of the following is NOT a typical symptom?
In non-polio enterovirus infections, which of the following is NOT a typical symptom?
What is the peak activity period for non-polio enterovirus infections?
What is the peak activity period for non-polio enterovirus infections?
Which of the following groups is most at risk for severe illness from non-polio enterovirus infections?
A) Elderly adults
B) Neonates and young infants
C) Healthy adults
D) Adolescents
Which of the following groups is most at risk for severe illness from non-polio enterovirus infections?
A) Elderly adults B) Neonates and young infants C) Healthy adults D) Adolescents
What is the human reservoir for non-polio enteroviruses?
What is the human reservoir for non-polio enteroviruses?
Which of the following non-polio enteroviruses is strongly associated with encephalitis, especially in East and Southeast Asia?
Which of the following non-polio enteroviruses is strongly associated with encephalitis, especially in East and Southeast Asia?
What is the possible neurological complication associated with Enterovirus D68?
What is the possible neurological complication associated with Enterovirus D68?
Which of the following is a common systemic manifestation of non-polio enteroviral infections, not involving the CNS?
Which of the following is a common systemic manifestation of non-polio enteroviral infections, not involving the CNS?
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is most commonly caused by which of the following viruses?
A) Coxsackie viruses and Enterovirus 71
B) Epstein-Barr virus
C) Herpes simplex virus
D) Varicella-zoster virus
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is most commonly caused by which of the following viruses?
A) Coxsackie viruses and Enterovirus 71 B) Epstein-Barr virus C) Herpes simplex virus D) Varicella-zoster virus
On-polio enteroviruses often cause mild illnesses, but in rare cases, they can lead to serious conditions. Which of the following can be a manifestation in addition to CNS involvement?
On-polio enteroviruses often cause mild illnesses, but in rare cases, they can lead to serious conditions. Which of the following can be a manifestation in addition to CNS involvement?
In addition to causing encephalitis, Enterovirus 71 is also commonly associated with which of the following conditions?
In addition to causing encephalitis, Enterovirus 71 is also commonly associated with which of the following conditions?
Which of the following infections can cause a lymphocytic response in the CSF, making it important to differentiate from viral meningitis?
A) Leptospirosis
B) Cryptococcosis
C) Syphilis
D) All of the above
Which of the following infections can cause a lymphocytic response in the CSF, making it important to differentiate from viral meningitis?
A) Leptospirosis B) Cryptococcosis C) Syphilis D) All of the above
Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with a lymphocytic CSF response?
Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with a lymphocytic CSF response?
Treatment of viral meningitis (except in the neonatal period) typically involves which of the following?
A) Antiviral therapy with aciclovir
B) Supportive care, including rest and hydration
C) Intravenous antibiotics
D) Steroid therapy for inflammation
Treatment of viral meningitis (except in the neonatal period) typically involves which of the following?
A) Antiviral therapy with aciclovir B) Supportive care, including rest and hydration C) Intravenous antibiotics D) Steroid therapy for inflammation
HSV encephalitis should be treated with which of the following medications?
HSV encephalitis should be treated with which of the following medications?
Mumps meningitis is preventable by vaccination. Which vaccine provides protection against mumps?
Mumps meningitis is preventable by vaccination. Which vaccine provides protection against mumps?
In cases of viral meningitis, why might acyclovir be considered in some instances despite being used primarily for HSV encephalitis?
In cases of viral meningitis, why might acyclovir be considered in some instances despite being used primarily for HSV encephalitis?
Seizure management in viral meningitis involves which of the following?
Seizure management in viral meningitis involves which of the following?
What is the most common causative agent of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in Northern European countries?
What is the most common causative agent of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in Northern European countries?
Which of the following best explains the route of infection in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis?
Which of the following best explains the route of infection in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis?
In neonatal HSV encephalitis, the infection is primarily caused by which virus?
A) HSV-1
B) HSV-2
C) Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
D) Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
In neonatal HSV encephalitis, the infection is primarily caused by which virus?
A) HSV-1 B) HSV-2 C) Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) D) Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Which part of the brain is most commonly affected in adults and children over the age of 3 months with HSV-1 encephalitis?
Which part of the brain is most commonly affected in adults and children over the age of 3 months with HSV-1 encephalitis?
What is the mortality rate for HSV-1 encephalitis in adults and children without treatment?
What is the mortality rate for HSV-1 encephalitis in adults and children without treatment?
The clinical features of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis typically include all of the following except:
The clinical features of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis typically include all of the following except:
What is the key diagnostic method for HSV encephalitis?
What is the key diagnostic method for HSV encephalitis?
What is the treatment of choice for Herpes Simplex Encephalitis?
What is the treatment of choice for Herpes Simplex Encephalitis?
In neonatal HSV encephalitis, what is the primary route of infection?
In neonatal HSV encephalitis, what is the primary route of infection?
What is the most important preventive measure for neonatal HSV encephalitis?
A) Antiviral treatment during pregnancy
B) Vaccination of neonates against HSV
C) Guidelines on genital herpes in pregnancy to avoid primary infection
D) Caesarean section for all pregnant women
What is the most important preventive measure for neonatal HSV encephalitis?
A) Antiviral treatment during pregnancy B) Vaccination of neonates against HSV C) Guidelines on genital herpes in pregnancy to avoid primary infection D) Caesarean section for all pregnant women
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) encephalitis can occur as a complication of which of the following?
A) Primary infection (varicella/chickenpox)
B) Reactivation of latent virus (shingles)
C) Both A and B
D) Only bacterial infection
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) encephalitis can occur as a complication of which of the following?
A) Primary infection (varicella/chickenpox) B) Reactivation of latent virus (shingles) C) Both A and B D) Only bacterial infection
Which of the following is the most common clinical presentation of VZV encephalitis?
Which of the following is the most common clinical presentation of VZV encephalitis?
What is the diagnostic test of choice for detecting VZV encephalitis?
What is the diagnostic test of choice for detecting VZV encephalitis?
What is the treatment of choice for VZV encephalitis?
What is the treatment of choice for VZV encephalitis?
Which of the following is a preventive measure for VZV encephalitis? (Select one)
Which of the following is a preventive measure for VZV encephalitis? (Select one)
Which of the following is the main reservoir for the rabies virus?
Which of the following is the main reservoir for the rabies virus?
What is the typical incubation period for rabies after exposure?
What is the typical incubation period for rabies after exposure?
How does the rabies virus travel to the brain?
How does the rabies virus travel to the brain?
What is the clinical presentation during the prodrome phase of rabies infection?
What is the clinical presentation during the prodrome phase of rabies infection?
The definitive diagnosis of rabies can be confirmed by which of the following methods?
The definitive diagnosis of rabies can be confirmed by which of the following methods?
What is the treatment for rabies exposure?
What is the treatment for rabies exposure?
Which of the following is a preventive measure for rabies? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a preventive measure for rabies? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are common CNS symptoms in the later stages of rabies infection?
Which of the following are common CNS symptoms in the later stages of rabies infection?
What is the characteristic progression of rabies after the prodrome phase?
What is the characteristic progression of rabies after the prodrome phase?
Which laboratory test is most commonly used to diagnose rabies?
Which laboratory test is most commonly used to diagnose rabies?
A skin biopsy from the nape of the neck (above the hairline) is used in rabies diagnosis for which purpose?
A skin biopsy from the nape of the neck (above the hairline) is used in rabies diagnosis for which purpose?
If a patient has no prior rabies vaccination or post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which of the following is useful for diagnosis?
If a patient has no prior rabies vaccination or post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which of the following is useful for diagnosis?
Which of the following is the most common host for the West Nile virus? A) Humans B) Birds C) Ticks D) Bats
Which of the following is the most common host for the West Nile virus? A) Humans B) Birds C) Ticks D) Bats
What is the most common clinical presentation of West Nile virus infection?
What is the most common clinical presentation of West Nile virus infection?
Which of the following groups are at higher risk for severe symptoms from West Nile virus infection?
Which of the following groups are at higher risk for severe symptoms from West Nile virus infection?
What is the recommended diagnostic method for West Nile virus infection?
What is the recommended diagnostic method for West Nile virus infection?
What is the typical management approach for West Nile virus infection?
What is the typical management approach for West Nile virus infection?
What is the primary vector for Japanese Encephalitis (JE) transmission?
What is the primary vector for Japanese Encephalitis (JE) transmission?
In which type of environment is Japanese Encephalitis (JE) most commonly found?
In which type of environment is Japanese Encephalitis (JE) most commonly found?
Which age group is most affected by Japanese Encephalitis (JE) infection?
Which age group is most affected by Japanese Encephalitis (JE) infection?
What is the case fatality rate for Japanese Encephalitis in infected individuals?
What is the case fatality rate for Japanese Encephalitis in infected individuals?
Which of the following is the most important preventive measure for Japanese Encephalitis?
Which of the following is the most important preventive measure for Japanese Encephalitis?
Which of the following is the most accurate method for diagnosing West Nile virus infection in the early stages?
Which of the following is the most accurate method for diagnosing West Nile virus infection in the early stages?
Which of the following is true regarding the epidemiology of West Nile virus? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is true regarding the epidemiology of West Nile virus? (Select all that apply)
What is the most significant risk factor for severe West Nile virus disease?
What is the most significant risk factor for severe West Nile virus disease?
What is the recommended diagnostic test for suspected Japanese Encephalitis infection?
What is the recommended diagnostic test for suspected Japanese Encephalitis infection?
Which of the following is the primary mode of transmission for Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
Which of the following is the primary mode of transmission for Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
Which of the following best describes the geographic distribution of Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
Which of the following best describes the geographic distribution of Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
What is the incubation period for Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
What is the incubation period for Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
Which phase of Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE) involves the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which phase of Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE) involves the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is the most effective preventive measure against Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
A) Antiviral medications
B) Immunization with TBE vaccine
C) Avoidance of mosquito bites
D) Use of antibiotics
What is the most effective preventive measure against Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)?
A) Antiviral medications B) Immunization with TBE vaccine C) Avoidance of mosquito bites D) Use of antibiotics
What is the most common cause of paralytic poliomyelitis?
What is the most common cause of paralytic poliomyelitis?
What is the main method of transmission for poliovirus?
A) Airborne transmission
B) Contact with contaminated water
C) Fecal-oral route
D) Inhalation of respiratory droplets
What is the main method of transmission for poliovirus?
A) Airborne transmission B) Contact with contaminated water C) Fecal-oral route D) Inhalation of respiratory droplets
Which of the following countries still reported wild poliovirus cases in 2020?
A) India and Bangladesh
B) Pakistan and Afghanistan
C) Egypt and Sudan
D) Russia and Mongolia
Which of the following countries still reported wild poliovirus cases in 2020?
A) India and Bangladesh B) Pakistan and Afghanistan C) Egypt and Sudan D) Russia and Mongolia
Which type of polio is characterized by asymmetric paralysis, usually affecting the legs and due to destruction of lower motor neurons?
Which type of polio is characterized by asymmetric paralysis, usually affecting the legs and due to destruction of lower motor neurons?
Bulbar polio primarily affects which of the following?
A) Lower extremities
B) Tongue and pharyngeal muscles
C) Respiratory muscles
D) Sensory neurons
Bulbar polio primarily affects which of the following?
A) Lower extremities B) Tongue and pharyngeal muscles C) Respiratory muscles D) Sensory neurons
What condition occurs 30-40 years after paralytic polio and is characterized by increased muscle weakness and pain?
A) Post-polio syndrome
B) Guillain-Barré syndrome
C) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
D) Spinal cord atrophy
What condition occurs 30-40 years after paralytic polio and is characterized by increased muscle weakness and pain?
A) Post-polio syndrome B) Guillain-Barré syndrome C) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy D) Spinal cord atrophy
Which of the following has contributed to the re-emergence of polio in areas previously considered eradicated?
Which of the following has contributed to the re-emergence of polio in areas previously considered eradicated?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus?
Which of the following is a major feature of congenital Zika syndrome?
Which of the following is a major feature of congenital Zika syndrome?
Zika virus infection is associated with which neurological condition?
A) Guillain-Barré syndrome
B) Multiple sclerosis
C) Parkinson’s disease
D) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Zika virus infection is associated with which neurological condition?
A) Guillain-Barré syndrome B) Multiple sclerosis C) Parkinson’s disease D) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Which of the following is a feature of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)?
Which of the following is a feature of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)?
Which of the following is the treatment approach for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)?
Which of the following is the treatment approach for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)?
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by the reactivation of which virus?
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by the reactivation of which virus?
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive complication of which viral infection?
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive complication of which viral infection?
Which of the following is true about Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)?
A) TSEs are caused by viruses that are inactivated by standard chemical and thermal methods.
B) TSEs evoke a strong immune response.
C) TSEs have a long incubation period and are fatal degenerative diseases.
D) The causative agent of TSEs is a bacterium.
Which of the following is true about Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)?
A) TSEs are caused by viruses that are inactivated by standard chemical and thermal methods. B) TSEs evoke a strong immune response. C) TSEs have a long incubation period and are fatal degenerative diseases. D) The causative agent of TSEs is a bacterium.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is most commonly caused by which of the following?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is most commonly caused by which of the following?
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) is primarily associated with which of the following?
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) is primarily associated with which of the following?
How can Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) be prevented?
How can Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) be prevented?
Which diagnostic test is commonly used for detecting Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Which diagnostic test is commonly used for detecting Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
What is the most effective method for sterilizing surgical instruments exposed to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
What is the most effective method for sterilizing surgical instruments exposed to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT characteristic of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT characteristic of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
What distinguishes Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) from classic CJD?
What distinguishes Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) from classic CJD?
What is considered the most definitive method for diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
What is considered the most definitive method for diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Which strategy effectively helps prevent the spread of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the community?
Which strategy effectively helps prevent the spread of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the community?
Why is it important to avoid reusing surgical instruments that were used in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Why is it important to avoid reusing surgical instruments that were used in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Which of the following methods is considered least effective at eliminating prion proteins from surgical instruments?
Which of the following methods is considered least effective at eliminating prion proteins from surgical instruments?
What is a primary concern regarding prion protein transmission in the context of surgical instruments?
What is a primary concern regarding prion protein transmission in the context of surgical instruments?
What is the primary route of transmission for Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
What is the primary route of transmission for Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
Flashcards
Meningitis Hallmark Triad
Meningitis Hallmark Triad
Headache, neck stiffness, and photophobia are the characteristic symptoms of meningitis.
Meningitis
Meningitis
An inflammation of the meninges (protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord).
Meningitis Symptom (NOT)
Meningitis Symptom (NOT)
Altered mental status is not a primary symptom; other symptoms are more related to inflammation like vomiting and neck stiffness.
Encephalitis Symptoms
Encephalitis Symptoms
Seizures and confusion are common symptoms of encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain.
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Meningitis/Encephalitis Shared Symptom
Meningitis/Encephalitis Shared Symptom
Seizures are a shared symptom amongst both meningitis and encephalitis.
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Post-infectious Encephalitis (SSPE)
Post-infectious Encephalitis (SSPE)
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a post-infectious encephalitis linked with measles virus.
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Polio Virus and Paralysis
Polio Virus and Paralysis
Polio virus can cause flaccid paralysis as a lower motor neuron involvement.
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Enteroviral Meningitis Causative Agent
Enteroviral Meningitis Causative Agent
Enteroviruses are commonly associated with causing enteroviral meningitis.
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Mosquito-Borne Encephalitis Virus
Mosquito-Borne Encephalitis Virus
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus associated with encephalitis.
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Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) CNS Infection
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) CNS Infection
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) typically causes encephalitis.
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Varicella-zoster (VZV) CNS complication
Varicella-zoster (VZV) CNS complication
VZV can cause vasculitis, arteritis, and stroke in the CNS.
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Mumps Virus Infection
Mumps Virus Infection
The mumps virus can cause meningitis-like symptoms, such as headache, fever, and photophobia.
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Tick-borne encephalitis virus
Tick-borne encephalitis virus
Flaviviruses are associated with infections such as tick-borne encephalitis.
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Viral Meningitis Common Cause
Viral Meningitis Common Cause
Enteroviruses are the most common cause of viral meningitis.
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Non-common Viral Meningitis Cause
Non-common Viral Meningitis Cause
Streptococcus pneumoniae is not a common cause of viral meningitis.
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Enterovirus CNS Entry
Enterovirus CNS Entry
Enteroviruses typically reach the CNS via the bloodstream in viral meningitis
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Nerve Pathway Virus Entry
Nerve Pathway Virus Entry
Rabies virus can reach the central nervous system via nerve pathways.
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Enterovirus Primary Site
Enterovirus Primary Site
Enteroviruses often multiply in the gastrointestinal tract, causing meningitis.
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Virus causing meningitis & encephalitis
Virus causing meningitis & encephalitis
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can cause both viral meningitis and encephalitis.
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Olfactory Mucosa virus entry
Olfactory Mucosa virus entry
Rabies can enter via the olfactory mucosa.
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CNS Damage Mechanism
CNS Damage Mechanism
Viral replication and resultant cellular damage cause CNS damage in viral infections.
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Immune Response Role
Immune Response Role
The cellular immune response (T cells) and cytokines play a role in the pathology of viral CNS infections.
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Viral Meningitis UNcommon Symptom
Viral Meningitis UNcommon Symptom
Severe sepsis is not a common symptom of viral meningitis.
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Viral vs. Bacterial Meningitis Presentation
Viral vs. Bacterial Meningitis Presentation
Viral meningitis symptoms develop more gradually than acute bacterial meningitis.
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Common CNS Damage Route
Common CNS Damage Route
Host immune response causing inflammation is the common route viruses take to cause CNS damage.
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Viral vs. Bacterial Meningitis Severity
Viral vs. Bacterial Meningitis Severity
Viral meningitis is typically milder and less debilitating compared to bacterial meningitis.
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Common Viral Meningitis Cause (Infants)
Common Viral Meningitis Cause (Infants)
Non-polio enteroviruses are most common causes of viral meningitis in infants and young children.
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Non-polio Enterovirus Subtype
Non-polio Enterovirus Subtype
Echoviruses are a common subtype of non-polio enteroviruses linked to viral meningitis.
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Enterovirus Transmission
Enterovirus Transmission
Non-polio enteroviruses are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
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Non-polio Enterovirus Symptom (ABSENT)
Non-polio Enterovirus Symptom (ABSENT)
Severe respiratory distress is not a typical symptom of non-polio enterovirus infections.
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Enterovirus Activity Period
Enterovirus Activity Period
Non-polio enterovirus infections typically peak in late spring and autumn.
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Severe Enterovirus Risk Group
Severe Enterovirus Risk Group
Neonates and young infants are at higher risk of severe illness from non-polio enterovirus infections.
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Enterovirus Reservoir
Enterovirus Reservoir
Humans are the main reservoir for non-polio enteroviruses.
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Enterovirus 71 and Encephalitis Association
Enterovirus 71 and Encephalitis Association
Enterovirus 71 is commonly associated with encephalitis, notably in East and Southeast Asia.
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Enterovirus D68 Complication
Enterovirus D68 Complication
Enterovirus D68 has been linked to acute flaccid paralysis following respiratory illness.
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Enterovirus Systemic Manifestation
Enterovirus Systemic Manifestation
Myocarditis and pericarditis are possible systemic manifestations of non-polio enteroviral infections, beyond CNS involvement.
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Hand, foot, and mouth disease Viruses
Hand, foot, and mouth disease Viruses
Coxsackie viruses and Enterovirus 71 are the most common viruses linked with hand, foot, and mouth disease.
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Enteroviruses: Severe Cases
Enteroviruses: Severe Cases
Rare severe cases of enterovirus infections can result in myocarditis and pericarditis, in addition to CNS involvement..
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Enterovirus 71 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
Enterovirus 71 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
Enterovirus 71 is frequently associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease.
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Lymphocytic CSF Response in Infections
Lymphocytic CSF Response in Infections
Leptospirosis, cryptococcosis, and syphilis can cause a lymphocytic response in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), similar to viral meningitis.
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Lymphocytic CSF Response Absentee
Lymphocytic CSF Response Absentee
Acute bacterial meningitis does not typically display a lymphocytic CSF response like viral meningitis may.
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Viral Meningitis Treatment (except Neonatal)
Viral Meningitis Treatment (except Neonatal)
Supportive measures like rest and hydration are the usual treatment, excluding antiviral medication for some specific cases.
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HSV Encephalitis Treatment
HSV Encephalitis Treatment
Aciclovir is the standard treatment for HSV encephalitis.
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Mumps Meningitis Prevention
Mumps Meningitis Prevention
MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccination prevents mumps-related meningitis.
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Acyclovir in Viral Meningitis - Potential Benefit
Acyclovir in Viral Meningitis - Potential Benefit
Acyclovir might help in some instances of viral meningitis by reducing viral multiplication.
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Seizure Management
Seizure Management
Antiepileptic drugs (if needed) are used to manage seizures during viral meningitis.
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Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Causative Agent (Europe)
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Causative Agent (Europe)
HSV-1 is the most frequent cause of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis in Northern European countries.
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HSV-1 Encephalitis Infection Route
HSV-1 Encephalitis Infection Route
Spread from latent infection in the cranial nerve ganglia to the brain, typically via cranial nerves like trigeminal or olfactory nerves, is common route for HSV-1 encephalitis.
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HSV Encephalitis in Newborns - Causative Agent
HSV Encephalitis in Newborns - Causative Agent
Neonatal HSV encephalitis is more often caused by HSV-2 than HSV-1.
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HSV-1 Encephalitis Brain Location
HSV-1 Encephalitis Brain Location
In patients 3 months old or older, HSV-1 encephalitis mainly affects the temporal lobe.
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Sporadic CJD Feature (NOT)
Sporadic CJD Feature (NOT)
Hypertension with muscle spasms is NOT a typical symptom of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD).
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vCJD Distinguishing Feature
vCJD Distinguishing Feature
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) primarily affects younger individuals, often in their 20s, unlike classic CJD.
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Definitive CJD Diagnosis
Definitive CJD Diagnosis
Post-mortem histological examination of brain tissue is the most definitive method for diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD).
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CJD Community Prevention
CJD Community Prevention
Excluding individuals at risk from blood donation is an important strategy for preventing the spread of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD).
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CJD Surgical Instrument Reuse
CJD Surgical Instrument Reuse
Surgical instruments used on CJD patients must not be reused due to prion proteins' resistance to standard sterilization methods
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Least Effective Prion Removal
Least Effective Prion Removal
Disinfection with formaldehyde is the least effective method for eliminating prion proteins on surgical instruments, compared to autoclaving or incineration.
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