Gastro pt 1
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Questions and Answers

Which condition is characterized by the congenital malformation leading to exposure of abdominal contents?

  • Gastroschisis (correct)
  • Esophageal carcinoma
  • Pyloric stenosis
  • Omphalocele

    • What are the common major risk factors associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus?

  • Viral infections and genetics
  • Obesity and sedentary lifestyle
  • Exposure to sunlight
  • Alcohol and tobacco (correct)

    • Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with esophageal carcinoma?

  • Projectile vomiting (correct)
  • Progressive dysphagia
  • Hematemeisis
  • Weight loss

    • In which location of the esophagus would lymph node spread primarily occur to the cervical nodes?

    <p>Upper 1/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classical presentation of pyloric stenosis occurring two weeks after birth?

    <p>Nonbilious projectile vomiting and visible peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common presentation of tracheoesophageal fistula?

    <p>Proximal esophageal atresia with the distal esophagus arising from the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?

    <p>Esophageal web</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key symptom of Zenker diverticulum?

    <p>Halitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically causes Mallory-Weiss syndrome?

    <p>Severe vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as a result of portal hypertension in esophageal varices?

    <p>Dilated submucosal veins in the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of tracheoesophageal fistula?

    <p>Polyhydramnios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia and beefy-red tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with esophageal varices?

    <p>Rupture leading to painless hematemesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of unilateral sialadenitis?

    <p>Obstructing stone (sialolithiasis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is least likely to occur with a mumps virus infection?

    <p>Mucoepidermoid carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of a pleomorphic adenoma?

    <p>It consists of both stromal and epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Warthin tumor is incorrect?

    <p>It typically presents in the submandibular gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of salivary gland tumor is characterized as the most common malignant tumor?

    <p>Mucoepidermoid carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical feature associated with duodenal atresia?

    <p>Polyhydramnios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding Meckel diverticulum is correct?

    <p>It is identified in 2% of the general population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In adults, intussusception is most commonly caused by what?

    <p>Tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes volvulus?

    <p>A twisting of the bowel along its mesentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'double bubble' sign is characteristic of which condition?

    <p>Duodenal atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is primarily affected by intussusception due to lymphoid hyperplasia?

    <p>Infants and toddlers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely consequence of small bowel infarction?

    <p>Ischemic injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Meckel diverticulum is incorrect?

    <p>It is common in the elderly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of damage in Tropical Sprue?

    <p>Jejunum and ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process contributes to malabsorption in Whipple Disease?

    <p>Compression of lacteals by macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the deficiency seen in Abetalipoproteinemia?

    <p>Lack of apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is secreted by carcinoid tumors that can lead to systemic effects?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common site of metastasis for carcinoid tumors?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Whipple Disease primarily affect fat absorption?

    <p>By compressing lymphatics with macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deficiency can result from damage in Tropical Sprue?

    <p>Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histological characteristic is associated with Whipple Disease?

    <p>Macrophages loaded with <em>Tropheryma whipplei</em> organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cause of acidic damage to the stomach mucosa in acute gastritis?

    <p>Imbalance between mucosal defenses and acidic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor is associated with Curling ulcers in patients?

    <p>Hypovolemia from severe burns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical feature is indicative of chronic autoimmune gastritis?

    <p>Atrophy of the mucosa with intestinal metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which H. pylori contributes to chronic gastritis?

    <p>It weakens mucosal defenses through ureases and proteases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gastritis is primarily associated with a lack of hydrochloric acid production?

    <p>Chronic autoimmune gastritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical treatment for H. pylori-induced chronic gastritis?

    <p>Triple therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about chronic gastritis caused by H. pylori is true?

    <p>It is the most common form of chronic gastritis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chronic autoimmune gastritis, what might lead to megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>Lack of intrinsic factor production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential outcome of untreated chronic H. pylori gastritis?

    <p>Increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contributing factor to increased intracranial pressure leading to Cushing ulcers?

    <p>Increased vagus nerve stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes achalasia?

    <p>Idiopathic damage to ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical feature that is notably associated with achalasia?

    <p>Dysphagia for both solids and liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging study is indicative of achalasia?

    <p>Barium swallow study revealing a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

    <p>Hiatal hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism underlies Barrett esophagus?

    <p>Metaplasia from stratified squamous to nonciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of esophageal cancer is most commonly associated with Barrett esophagus?

    <p>Adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential late complication of GERD?

    <p>Barrett esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom might mimic cardiac chest pain in patients with GERD?

    <p>Heartburn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of solitary mucosal ulcers in the proximal duodenum?

    <p>H pylori infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which location do gastric ulcers most commonly form?

    <p>Lesser curvature of the antrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential complication is associated with a rupture of a posterior duodenal ulcer?

    <p>Bleeding from the gastroduodenal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the differential diagnosis of ulcers is true?

    <p>Gastric carcinoma can cause gastric ulcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom typically characterizes gastric ulcers as opposed to duodenal ulcers?

    <p>Epigastric pain that worsens with meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of both cleft lip and palate?

    <p>They usually occur together rather than separately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the recurrence of aphthous ulcers?

    <p>Psychological stress and nutritional deficiencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary characteristic of Behçet Syndrome?

    <p>Recurrent oral and genital ulcers along with uveitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of oral herpes lesions?

    <p>Primary infection with herpes simplex virus type 1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding squamous cell carcinoma is true?

    <p>The floor of the mouth is a frequently affected area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does erythroplakia indicate in the context of oral pathology?

    <p>Highly vascularized leukoplakia suggestive of dysplasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by white plaques that cannot be scraped away?

    <p>Leukoplakia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT associated with squamous cell carcinoma?

    <p>Genetic abnormalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lactase enzyme in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>To break down lactose into glucose and galactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical symptoms is characteristic of lactose intolerance?

    <p>Diarrhea after consuming milk products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What severe complication can arise in patients with celiac disease if dietary restrictions are not followed?

    <p>Small bowel carcinoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody is typically used for diagnosis in individuals with suspected IgA deficiency related to celiac disease?

    <p>IgG against endomysium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do helper T cells play in celiac disease?

    <p>They mediate tissue damage upon gluten exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes are observed in a duodenal biopsy of a patient with celiac disease?

    <p>Flattening of intestinal villi and hyperplasia of crypts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic component of gluten associated with celiac disease?

    <p>Gliadin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is classically seen in children with celiac disease?

    <p>Failure to thrive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tropical Sprue

    • Damage to small bowel villi
    • Due to unknown organism
    • Similar to celiac disease, except
      • Occurs in tropical regions (e.g., Caribbean)
      • Responds to antibiotics
      • Damage most prominent in jejunum and ileum (secondary vitamin B12 or folate deficiency may ensue)
      • Duodenum less commonly involved

    Whipple's Disease

    • Systemic tissue damage
    • Macrophages loaded with Tropheryma whipplei organisms
      • Partially destroyed organisms in macrophages
    • Classic site of involvement: small bowel lamina propria
    • Macrophages compress lacteals
    • Results in fat malabsorption and steatorrhea
    • Other common sites: synovium of joints (arthritis), cardiac valves, lymph nodes, CNS

    Abetalipoproteinemia

    • Autosomal recessive deficiency of apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100
    • Clinical features
      • Malabsorption
      • Absent plasma VLDL and LDL (require B-100)

    Carcinoid Tumor

    • Malignant proliferation of neuroendocrine cells; low-grade malignancy,
    • Tumor cells contain secretory granules that are positive for chromogranin.
    • Can arise anywhere along the gut; small bowel is the most common site
    • Grows as a submucosal polyp-like nodule
    • Often secretes serotonin
      • Serotonin is released into the portal circulation and metabolized by the liver
      • 5-HIAA is excreted in the urine
    • Metastasis of carcinoid tumor to the liver allows serotonin to bypass liver metabolism
      • Serotonin released into the hepatic vein and leaks into systemic circulation via hepatosystemic shunts, resulting in carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid heart disease

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various gastrointestinal disorders, including congenital malformations and esophageal conditions. This quiz covers key symptoms, risk factors, and presentations of conditions such as pyloric stenosis and tracheoesophageal fistulae. Challenge yourself and validate your understanding of these crucial medical topics.

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