Esophageal Obstruction and Vascular Diseases
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common location of mechanical obstruction?

  • At or near the pharynx
  • At or near the pyloric sphincter
  • At or near the esophagogastric junction
  • At or near the tracheal bifurcation (correct)

    • What is the primary cause of Primary Achalasia?

  • Failure of distal esophageal inhibitory neurons (correct)
  • Inflammation of the lower esophageal sphincter
  • Failure of proximal esophageal inhibitory neurons
  • Degenerative changes in esophageal smooth muscle

    • What is the most common cause of esophagitis?

  • Mechanical obstruction
  • Reflux of gastric contents (correct)
  • Infectious causes
  • Chemical irritants

    • Which of the following is NOT a cause of Secondary Achalasia?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the clinical condition associated with reflux esophagitis?

    <p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for GERD?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common age group affected by GERD?

    <p>Adults over 40 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of mechanical obstruction?

    <p>Aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of esophageal abnormality?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chemical irritant that can cause esophagitis?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Obstructive and Vascular Diseases

    • Mechanical obstruction is often discovered shortly after birth due to regurgitation during feeding.
    • It is most commonly located at or near the tracheal bifurcation.
    • Associated complications include aspiration, suffocation, pneumonia, fluid, and electrolyte imbalances.
    • Fistulas connecting the upper or lower esophagus to a bronchus or trachea are also a feature of mechanical obstruction.

    Atresia, Fistulas, and Duplications

    • Various structural abnormalities affect the esophagus.

    Functional Obstruction

    • Characterized by incomplete LES relaxation, increased LES tone, and esophageal aperistalsis.

    Achalasia

    • Primary Achalasia is caused by failure of distal esophageal inhibitory neurons and degenerative changes in neural innervation.
    • Secondary Achalasia can be due to conditions like Chagas disease or diabetic autonomic neuropathy.

    Esophagitis

    Chemical Esophagitis

    • Chemical irritants causing esophagitis include alcohol, corrosive acids or alkalis, excessively hot fluids, heavy smoking, and iatrogenic factors like chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

    Infectious Esophagitis

    • Common infectious causes include Herpes simplex viruses, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Candida, Mucormycosis, and aspergillosis.

    Reflux Esophagitis

    • Reflux of gastric contents into the lower esophagus is the most frequent cause of esophagitis.
    • Associated clinical condition is termed gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

    Causes of GERD

    • Conditions contributing to GERD include alcohol and tobacco use, obesity, pregnancy, and hiatal hernia.

    Clinical Features

    • GERD is most common in adults, especially those over 40 years old.
    • Symptoms include heartburn, dysphagia, and regurgitation of sour-tasting gastric contents.

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    Description

    A quiz on mechanical and functional obstruction of the esophagus, including atresia, fistulas, and duplications, and their complications.

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