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Questions and Answers
Which of the following are true about Hyaline Membrane Disease (Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome - IRDS)?: (Choose two that apply)
Which of the following are true about Hyaline Membrane Disease (Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome - IRDS)?: (Choose two that apply)
Match the following disorders with their main characteristics:
Match the following disorders with their main characteristics:
Croup = A viral infection of young children that produces inflammatory obstructive swelling localized to the subglottic portion of the trachea. Epiglottitis = Caused by Haemophilus Influenzae, characterized by thickening of epiglottic tissue and surrounding structures. Pneumonia = An infection in one or both lungs that causes inflammation in the alveoli. Alveolar (air-space) Pneumonia = An inflammatory exudate replaces air in the alveoli, making the affected part of the lung appear solid or radiopaque. Bronchopneumonia = Inflammation that originates in the bronchi or bronchiolar mucosa and spreads to adjacent alveoli. Interstitial Pneumonia = Produced by viral and mycoplasmal infections, involving inflammatory process predominantly in alveoli walls and their lining Aspiration Pneumonia = Aspiration of esophageal or gastric contents into the lung can lead to the development of pneumonia. Antrax = Caused by Bacillus Anthracis, naturally found in soil commonly affecting domestic and wild animals. Lung Abscess = A necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing purulent material, a complication of bacterial pneumonia. Tuberculosis = Caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, a rod-shaped bacterium with a protective waxy coat that permits it to live outside the body Primary Tuberculosis = Considered a disease of children and young adults, dramatic decrease in prevalence.
The tip of a Swan-Ganz Catheter is usually in the right ventricle.
The tip of a Swan-Ganz Catheter is usually in the right ventricle.
False
What is the name of the substance that reduces surface tension and helps inflate alveoli in the lungs?
What is the name of the substance that reduces surface tension and helps inflate alveoli in the lungs?
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The presence of a ______ within a mass (target lesion) is characteristic of histoplasmosis.
The presence of a ______ within a mass (target lesion) is characteristic of histoplasmosis.
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The device inserted into a large, central vein like the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral is called a ______.
The device inserted into a large, central vein like the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral is called a ______.
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The ______ is a high surface tension-creating mixture of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, needed for lung inflation.
The ______ is a high surface tension-creating mixture of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, needed for lung inflation.
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Cystic Fibrosis is caused by excessive secretion of protein from the exocrine glands.
Cystic Fibrosis is caused by excessive secretion of protein from the exocrine glands.
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What are the two most common causes of pulmonary mycosis?
What are the two most common causes of pulmonary mycosis?
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Which of the following respiratory conditions is characterized by the thickening of the epiglottic tissue and surrounding pharyngeal structures?
Which of the following respiratory conditions is characterized by the thickening of the epiglottic tissue and surrounding pharyngeal structures?
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What is the most common cause of lung abscess?
What is the most common cause of lung abscess?
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Which type of pulmonary infection is caused by the inhalation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis?
Which type of pulmonary infection is caused by the inhalation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of bronchiectasis on a chest x-ray?
Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of bronchiectasis on a chest x-ray?
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Which type of fracture occurs when the bone has been twisted apart?
Which type of fracture occurs when the bone has been twisted apart?
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The term 'Torus Fracture' is also known as a 'buckle fracture'.
The term 'Torus Fracture' is also known as a 'buckle fracture'.
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What is the name of the most common type of lung cancer?
What is the name of the most common type of lung cancer?
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A ______ occurs when a vertebral body is crushed and collapses down upon itself.
A ______ occurs when a vertebral body is crushed and collapses down upon itself.
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A Monteggia Fracture involves a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna along with a dislocation of the radial head within the elbow joint.
A Monteggia Fracture involves a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna along with a dislocation of the radial head within the elbow joint.
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Match the type of fracture with its description:
Match the type of fracture with its description:
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Study Notes
Endotracheal Tube
- 5-7 cm above the carina
- Central Venous Catheter
- Inserted into large central veins (internal jugular, subclavian, femoral)
- Administer medications, provide nutrition, conduct tests
- Tip of catheter- superior vena cava
- Swan-Ganz Catheterization
- Right heart catheterization or pulmonary artery catheterization
- Monitors heart and blood flow
- Right or left main pulmonary vein
- Transvenous Endocardiac Pacing
- Maintains cardiac rhythm with heart block or brady arrhythmias
- Pacemakers and automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators (AICD/ICD)
- Tip of pacemaker- apex of the right ventricle
Lung Abnormal Appearances
- Reticular Densities
- Hazy Densities
- Consolidation or Solidification
Congenital/Hereditary Disorders
- Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)
- Excessive viscous mucus secretion by exocrine glands
- Caused by defective gene (chromosome 7)
- Thick mucus (imbalance of sodium, chloride production, and reabsorption) blocks trachea and bronchi
- Multiple small cysts superimposed on diffuse, coarse, reticular pattern
- Hyaline Membrane Disease (Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome - IRDS)
- Common cause of respiratory distress in newborns
- Primarily premature infants, diabetic mothers, and those delivered by Cesarean section
- Hypoxia and increasing respiratory distress aren't immediately evident at birth but appear within 6 hours of delivery
- Cause; lack of surfactant and immature lungs
Inflammatory Respiratory System Disorders
- Croup
- Viral infection in young children
- Inflammatory obstructive swelling localized to the subglottic portion of the trachea
- Edema causes inspiratory stridor or barking cough
- Smooth fusiform, tapered narrowing (hourglass shape) of the subglottic airway
- Epiglottitis
- Caused by Haemophilus Influenzae in children
- Thickening of epiglottic tissue and surrounding pharyngeal structures
- Incidence decreased since the Haemophilus Influenzae type B vaccine
- Rounded, thickened epiglottic shadow (approx size- adult's thumb)
- Pneumonia
- Infection in one or both lungs
- Causes inflammation in the alveoli
- Body filters organisms, but sometimes organisms enter and cause infections
- Alveoli filled with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe
Other Respiratory Disorders (Page 2)
- Alveolar (air space) Pneumonia
- Produced by organisms that cause an inflammatory exudate, replacing air in alveoli
- Affected part appears solid or radiopaque
- Bronchopneumonia
- Typified by staphylococcal infection
- Inflammation spreads from bronchi/bronchioles to adjacent alveoli
- Small patches of consolidation might be seen radiographically (opacifications)
- Interstitial Pneumonia
- Caused by viral and mycoplasmal infections
- Inflammatory process primarily in the walls and lining of alveoli and supporting interstitial structures
- Linear or reticular pattern
- Thickened interstitium-multiple small nodular densities
- Aspiration Pneumonia
- Aspiration of esophageal or gastric contents into lungs
- Occurs in patients with esophageal obstruction (tumor, stricture, achalasia), diverticula (Zenker's), neuromuscular swallowing disturbances
- Multiple alveolar densities, distributed widely and diffusely throughout both lungs
- Bilateral inhomogeneous patchy airspace opacities mainly in the lower zones
- Effacement of costophrenic recesses consistent with aspiration
- Anthrax
- Serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria
- Naturally in soil
- Inhalation anthrax causes mediastinal widening and pleural effusion
- Vaccines are effective and available
- Lung Abscess
- Necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing purulent material
- Complication of bacterial pneumonia, bronchial obstruction, aspiration, or foreign body
- Aspiration is the most common cause
- Tuberculosis
- Caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
- Rod-shaped bacterium with protective waxy coat, survives outside the body
- Spreads primarily through droplets in the air (produced by coughing)
- Primary Tuberculosis
- Primarily in children and young adults
- Self-limited disease, combining focal parenchymal lesion with enlarged hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes
Other Respiratory Disorders (Pages 3-4)
- Lobar or segmental air-space consolidation
- Usually homogeneous, dense, and well-defined
- Miliary Tuberculosis
- Dissemination through bloodstream, producing innumerable fine, discrete nodules
- Tuberculous Pneumonia
- May resolve completely, leaving a normal lung; or may develop necrosis and caseation, fibrous scarring, and calcification in parenchymal and nodal lesions
- Secondary Tuberculosis (Reactivation)
- Reactivation of dormant tubercles
- Often affects apical and posterior segments of the upper lobes; initially appears as a hazy, poorly-marginated alveolar infiltrate
- Tuberculoma
- Sharply circumscribed parenchymal nodule, possibly containing viable Tuberculosis Bacilli
- Pulmonary Mycosis (Fungal Infection of the Lungs)
- Most common: Histoplasmosis and Coccidioidomycosis
- Histoplasmosis
- Fungus Histoplasma capsulatum
- Common disease, often mimicking tuberculosis radiographically
- Solitary, sharply circumscribed granulomatous nodule (histoplasmoma), typically <3 cm in diameter
- Central, rounded calcification is characteristic
- Coccidioidomycosis
- Fungus Coccidioides immitis (found in southwestern US desert soil)
- Small pulmonary consolidations in periphery
Respiratory Disorders (Page 4)
- Asthma
- Bronchioles spasm, decreased airflow
- Acute attacks cause bronchial narrowing and difficulty in expiration, increased lung volume, flattening of hemidiaphragms
- Bronchiectasis
- Permanent abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi
- Destruction of elastic and muscular components of wall
- Oval/circular cystic spaces, especially in right upper lobe
- Silicosis
- Work-related lung disease from silicon dioxide inhalation
- Primarily affects miners, foundry workers, and sandblasters
- Multiple nodular shadows throughout lungs
- Asbestosis
- Develops in workers exposed to asbestos (in manufacturing, insulation, handling materials)
- Initially shows pleural thickening (linear plaques of opacification) along lower chest walls and diaphragm
- Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
- Asymptomatic, incidental finding on screening chest radiograph, often requires further evaluation
- Bronchial Adenoma
- Low-grade malignancy in bronchi
- Approximately 1% of bronchial neoplasms
- Usually centrally located in major or segmental bronchi
Other Lung Disorders (Page 5-6)
- Pulmonary Metastases
- Hematogenous metastases
- Multiple, well-circumscribed nodules scattered throughout
- Fractures (General)
- Discontinuity of bone, mechanical force
- Closed or open fractures; depending on severity and location, treatment varies (casting, splinting, surgery)
- Compression Fracture
- Vertebral body crushed, collapses down on itself
- Result of trauma, cancer, or osteoporosis
- May need surgical insertion of internal fixation device or treatment with vertebral augmentation techniques (e.g., vertebroplasty)
- Other fracture types (more detailed discussion in provided document)
- Hip Fractures: specific types and descriptions (Femoral Head, Femoral Neck, Intertrochanteric, Subtrochanteric)
- Other significant fractures of different areas (as described in the document)
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Description
This quiz covers essential medical procedures such as endotracheal intubation, central venous catheterization, and pulmonary artery catheterization. It also explores lung abnormalities and congenital disorders like cystic fibrosis. Test your knowledge on critical healthcare concepts and practices.
