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Questions and Answers
The course focuses on the study of ______.
The course focuses on the study of ______.
parasitology
Students will learn how to ______ diseases caused by parasites.
Students will learn how to ______ diseases caused by parasites.
diagnose
The course includes practical settings to identify the species of ______.
The course includes practical settings to identify the species of ______.
parasite
Public health specialists address problems based on the socioeconomic status of ______.
Public health specialists address problems based on the socioeconomic status of ______.
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Students must report and defend their work during the ______.
Students must report and defend their work during the ______.
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The knowledge in immunology is important for understanding how the immune system responds to ______.
The knowledge in immunology is important for understanding how the immune system responds to ______.
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Assignments are randomly assigned to each student, meaning you can't pick your ______.
Assignments are randomly assigned to each student, meaning you can't pick your ______.
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Quizzes are worth points depending on the ______ of the question.
Quizzes are worth points depending on the ______ of the question.
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The area of biology concerned with the dependence of one living organism on another is known as ______.
The area of biology concerned with the dependence of one living organism on another is known as ______.
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Medical parasitology primarily deals with parasites that affect ______.
Medical parasitology primarily deals with parasites that affect ______.
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Tropical medicine addresses special medical problems related to tropical ______.
Tropical medicine addresses special medical problems related to tropical ______.
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Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one species benefits without harming or benefiting the ______.
Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one species benefits without harming or benefiting the ______.
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The relationship between termites and flagellates is an example of ______.
The relationship between termites and flagellates is an example of ______.
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Parasitism is a relationship where one organism, the parasite, depends on the ______ for survival.
Parasitism is a relationship where one organism, the parasite, depends on the ______ for survival.
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When two organisms live together and harm one another, it is not classified as ______.
When two organisms live together and harm one another, it is not classified as ______.
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Neglected tropical diseases create favorable conditions for ______.
Neglected tropical diseases create favorable conditions for ______.
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The life cycle of the parasite becomes more complicated, the lesser the chances are for the individual parasite to survive, especially in the intermediate ______.
The life cycle of the parasite becomes more complicated, the lesser the chances are for the individual parasite to survive, especially in the intermediate ______.
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Infection can occur through ______, which includes bites from infected insects.
Infection can occur through ______, which includes bites from infected insects.
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Contaminated soil and water, along with a lack of sanitary ______, can lead to the spread of infections.
Contaminated soil and water, along with a lack of sanitary ______, can lead to the spread of infections.
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Consumption of contaminated food can result in ______ transmission of diseases.
Consumption of contaminated food can result in ______ transmission of diseases.
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Pig is a coprophagous organism that eats the ______ of another animal.
Pig is a coprophagous organism that eats the ______ of another animal.
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Porcine cysticercosis can become a ______ inside the person.
Porcine cysticercosis can become a ______ inside the person.
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Neurocysticercosis in humans is the most common cause of acquired ______ worldwide.
Neurocysticercosis in humans is the most common cause of acquired ______ worldwide.
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Epidemiology is the study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of ______.
Epidemiology is the study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of ______.
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The term 'prevalence' refers to the number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular ______.
The term 'prevalence' refers to the number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular ______.
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Morbidity control involves the avoidance of ______ caused by infections.
Morbidity control involves the avoidance of ______ caused by infections.
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To assess the risk of infection, it is necessary to identify potential ______ factors.
To assess the risk of infection, it is necessary to identify potential ______ factors.
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The ______ death rate refers to the number of deaths in a population due to a particular disease.
The ______ death rate refers to the number of deaths in a population due to a particular disease.
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Endemic diseases report a certain location for ______ intervention programs.
Endemic diseases report a certain location for ______ intervention programs.
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One method for reducing health risks is through periodic ______ of individuals or groups.
One method for reducing health risks is through periodic ______ of individuals or groups.
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Information-education-communication is a health education ______ that encourages healthy life practices.
Information-education-communication is a health education ______ that encourages healthy life practices.
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Environmental management involves planning and monitoring activities for the modification of ______ factors.
Environmental management involves planning and monitoring activities for the modification of ______ factors.
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Environmental sanitation includes interventions to reduce risks from human and animal ______.
Environmental sanitation includes interventions to reduce risks from human and animal ______.
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Sanitation is the provision of facilities for safe disposal of human ______.
Sanitation is the provision of facilities for safe disposal of human ______.
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Eradication is defined as the permanent reduction to zero of worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific ______.
Eradication is defined as the permanent reduction to zero of worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific ______.
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Elimination refers to the reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined ______ area.
Elimination refers to the reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined ______ area.
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Continued ______ or intervention measures are required after elimination to prevent the return of the disease.
Continued ______ or intervention measures are required after elimination to prevent the return of the disease.
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The ______ host is one in which the parasite attains sexual maturity.
The ______ host is one in which the parasite attains sexual maturity.
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Humans are considered the ______ host for certain parasites.
Humans are considered the ______ host for certain parasites.
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An animal that harbors the asexual or larval stage of a parasite is called an ______ host.
An animal that harbors the asexual or larval stage of a parasite is called an ______ host.
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In terms of parasite life cycles, a ______ host is where the parasite does not develop further.
In terms of parasite life cycles, a ______ host is where the parasite does not develop further.
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The ______ host allows the life cycle of the parasite to continue and can be a source of human infection.
The ______ host allows the life cycle of the parasite to continue and can be a source of human infection.
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A ______ vector transmits the parasite only after it has completed its life cycle.
A ______ vector transmits the parasite only after it has completed its life cycle.
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A ______ vector is responsible for transporting parasites without being infected itself.
A ______ vector is responsible for transporting parasites without being infected itself.
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______ is the establishment of an infective agent in the host.
______ is the establishment of an infective agent in the host.
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Study Notes
Introduction to Medical & Public Health Parasitology
- This course introduces medical and public health parasitology.
- The instructor is Adrian Lui Dasigo.
- The course moves from public health to the community.
- Visual aids of different parasites are shown.
Exam Types
- SOLUS (prelim): Identification of parasites via microscopy.
- CONSORTIUS (practical): A partner-based exam that involves describing parasite characteristics and identifying species.
- Quizzes: Case studies are incorporated. Recitation counts towards quiz scores.
- SET A (Medical Doctor): Focuses on knowledge of immuno-diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of diseases.
- SET B (Public Health Specialist): Focuses on epidemiology proposals, epidemiological research, and realistic problem-solving given socioeconomic factors.
- Laboratory Exams: Dissection of intestines (pig), identification of parasite parts (male or female). Documentation is crucial here. Applicator sticks, slides, and ziplock bags are used.
- Finals: Exam includes reporting (defense) on specific parasite types.
What is Parasitology?
- The study of organisms that rely on another living organism for survival, is called Parasitology.
- Medical Parasitology studies parasites that affect humans and their significance in communities.
- Tropical medicine is a branch focused on tropical diseases common in tropical areas (e.g., Philippines).
- Tropical diseases can also occur sporadically or epidemically in non-tropical regions.
- Parasites can spread significantly if they affect communities. Factors like climate conditions can create an environment where parasites thrive
Biological Relationships (Symbiosis)
- Organisms in nature develop unique relationships due to habits and long associations.
- Symbiosis is when different organisms live together and this might involve a form of protection or benefit to one or both of the organisms.
- Example: Entamoeba coli in the intestinal lumen (commensalism)
- Commensalism - a symbiotic relationship where one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other.
- Mutualism - a symbiotic relationship where both species benefit. Example: Termites and flagellates in their digestive systems.
- Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the others is negatively affected. Example: E. histolytica / C. exigua parasites. Parasites obtain resources from the host organism
Parasite Types
- Endoparasite: Parasites living inside the host.
- Ectoparasite: Parasites living outside the host.
- Presence of endoparasites is called infection.
- Presence of ectoparasites is called infestation.
Parasites' Needs
- Most parasites are obligate parasites; they need a host to survive.
- Some parasites are facultative and can survive freely or as parasites.
- Some parasites are accidental parasites (only for a short period)
Host Types
- Definitive host: The host in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity.
- Intermediate host: The host in which part of the parasite's life cycle occurs (asexual or larval stage).
- Paratenic host: A host that does not cause the parasite to develop further but keeps it alive until transferred to a new host.
- Reservoir host: A host in which the parasite's life cycle continues to create a source of infection for other hosts.
Life Cycle of Schistosoma japonicum
- Reservoir host is important in the context of the parasite's life cycle.
- The parasite's life cycle involves a reservoir host that acts as a source for human infection.
- Intervention programs, such as vaccination are essential to manage parasite spread.
Vectors
- Vectors (e.g., insects) are responsible for transmitting parasites from one host to another.
- Biologic vectors transmit the parasite after its life cycle is complete.
- Mechanical vectors carry parasites to the host without completing their own life cycle.
Exposure & Infection
- Exposure is introducing the parasitic agent into a host.
- Infection is the establishment of the agent in the host.
Sources of Infection
- Contaminated soil and water are primary sources for parasites to spread.
- Lack of sanitation (lack of toilets, water sources, and proper waste disposal) and using night soil in farming is a risk factor.
- Ingestion of contaminated food or water, and from vectors are also risk factors.
- Fomites (e.g., objects like tools) are important source vectors.
Mode of Transmission
- Parasites can spread through ingestion of contaminated food/water.
- Skin contact with infected material or vectors bites can also transmit the parasite.
- Congenital transmission from mother to child is also possible.
- Sexual contact can also contribute to transmitting a disease.
Life Cycle
- Parasite larval stages pass through intermediate hosts.
- Complicated life cycles decrease the parasite's chance for survival.
- The number of hosts a parasite has in its life cycle affects the survivability.
Porcine Cysticercosis
- Tapeworm larvae can develop in the pork if not disposed of and cooked properly.
- Pork meat sold in public markets can be infected with this parasite.
Human Cysticercosis
- Neurocysticercosis in humans is a common cause of acquired epilepsy.
- Cysticercosis infects the muscles, which is called extraneural cysticercosis.
Epidemiologic Measures
- Epidemiology studies the patterns, distribution and occurrence of disease.
- Incidence is the number of new cases of infection over a set time.
- Prevalence is the number of a population infected.
Importance of Case Identification
- Identifying parasitic disease cases is important for assessing risk factors
- It can help design specific program interventions to help combat disease and identify endemic regions
Eradication vs Elimination
- Eradication means completely removing a particular infection from the world. Continued monitoring is no longer needed.
- Elimination is reducing infection to zero in a targeted area. Continued surveillance is still required.
References
- Various authors and publications were cited in this course's reference section.
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Description
This quiz tests your understanding of medical parasitology, focusing on disease-causing parasites and their identification. Students will explore the implications of socioeconomic factors on public health and the importance of immunology. Gain insights into symbiotic relationships and the challenges in tropical medicine.
