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Questions and Answers
What characteristic is unique to organisms classified under Ciliophora?
What characteristic is unique to organisms classified under Ciliophora?
- Formation of cysts as an infective stage.
- Presence of pseudopodia for motility.
- Coating of cilia on their cell surfaces. (correct)
- Reproduction through binary fission.
Which of the following describes the key difference between a trophozoite and a cyst stage in protozoa?
Which of the following describes the key difference between a trophozoite and a cyst stage in protozoa?
- Trophozoites are resistant to environmental changes, while cysts are susceptible.
- Trophozoites are infective, while cysts are reproductive.
- Trophozoites are motile and feeding, while cysts are quiescent and resistant. (correct)
- Trophozoites reproduce sexually, while cysts reproduce asexually.
Entamoeba histolytica utilizes which mechanism for motility?
Entamoeba histolytica utilizes which mechanism for motility?
- Ciliary action
- Flagellar movement
- Undulating membrane
- Extension of pseudopodia (correct)
Which characteristic is commonly associated with Entamoeba coli?
Which characteristic is commonly associated with Entamoeba coli?
Which of the following protozoan groups is characterized by having at least one whiplike flagellum?
Which of the following protozoan groups is characterized by having at least one whiplike flagellum?
Which feature distinguishes Endolimax nana from other intestinal amoebae?
Which feature distinguishes Endolimax nana from other intestinal amoebae?
What structural features are found in the trophozoites of Balantidium coli?
What structural features are found in the trophozoites of Balantidium coli?
Which of the following parasites reproduces through longitudinal binary fission?
Which of the following parasites reproduces through longitudinal binary fission?
If a lab technician observes a stool sample containing cysts with 8 nuclei, what is the MOST likely parasite?
If a lab technician observes a stool sample containing cysts with 8 nuclei, what is the MOST likely parasite?
Which parasite is typically transmitted sexually?
Which parasite is typically transmitted sexually?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Sporozoa?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Sporozoa?
Which of the following protozoa is known to possess both a macronucleus and a micronucleus?
Which of the following protozoa is known to possess both a macronucleus and a micronucleus?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Giardia lamblia?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Giardia lamblia?
What motility structure is absent in the trophozoite stage of Entamoeba histolytica?
What motility structure is absent in the trophozoite stage of Entamoeba histolytica?
A stool sample is examined and found to contain trophozoites with a single nucleus and a characteristically large, irregularly shaped karyosome. Which organism is MOST likely present?
A stool sample is examined and found to contain trophozoites with a single nucleus and a characteristically large, irregularly shaped karyosome. Which organism is MOST likely present?
What is the typical shape and average size of Trichomonas vaginalis?
What is the typical shape and average size of Trichomonas vaginalis?
How does Entamoeba histolytica infection MOST commonly occur?
How does Entamoeba histolytica infection MOST commonly occur?
What is the function of the cyst stage in protozoan parasites?
What is the function of the cyst stage in protozoan parasites?
Which protozoan parasite is commonly associated with causing infections in human females?
Which protozoan parasite is commonly associated with causing infections in human females?
In which group of protozoa would you classify Plasmodium and Toxoplasma?
In which group of protozoa would you classify Plasmodium and Toxoplasma?
Which of the following best describes the structure of Giardia lamblia?
Which of the following best describes the structure of Giardia lamblia?
What is a defining characteristic of Iodamoeba butschlii?
What is a defining characteristic of Iodamoeba butschlii?
What is the mode of transmission for Balantidium coli to humans??
What is the mode of transmission for Balantidium coli to humans??
An investigator suspects a waterborne outbreak of parasitic infection in a remote village. Testing reveals the presence of binucleate trophozoites in stool samples. Which parasite is the MOST likely culprit?
An investigator suspects a waterborne outbreak of parasitic infection in a remote village. Testing reveals the presence of binucleate trophozoites in stool samples. Which parasite is the MOST likely culprit?
What is one major factor differentiating pathogenic from non-pathogenic amoebae?
What is one major factor differentiating pathogenic from non-pathogenic amoebae?
Flashcards
What are Protozoa?
What are Protozoa?
A diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms.
What is a Trophozoite?
What is a Trophozoite?
The active, motile feeding stage of a protozoan parasite.
What is a Cyst?
What is a Cyst?
A quiescent, resistant, infective stage of a protozoan parasite.
How do amoebae move?
How do amoebae move?
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What is Entamoeba histolytica?
What is Entamoeba histolytica?
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What is Entamoeba coli?
What is Entamoeba coli?
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What is Endolimax nana?
What is Endolimax nana?
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What is Entamoeba hartmanni?
What is Entamoeba hartmanni?
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What is Iodamoeba butschlii?
What is Iodamoeba butschlii?
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What are Ciliophora?
What are Ciliophora?
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What is Ciliophora?
What is Ciliophora?
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What is Balantidium coli?
What is Balantidium coli?
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What are Flagellates?
What are Flagellates?
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What is Giardia lamblia?
What is Giardia lamblia?
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What is Trichomonas vaginalis?
What is Trichomonas vaginalis?
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What is an Axostyle?
What is an Axostyle?
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What is a Trophozoite?
What is a Trophozoite?
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What is a Cyst?
What is a Cyst?
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What is Pseudopodia?
What is Pseudopodia?
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What is Amebiasis?
What is Amebiasis?
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What is Ciliophora?
What is Ciliophora?
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What is micronucleus and macronucleus?
What is micronucleus and macronucleus?
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What is a Cyst?
What is a Cyst?
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What is Trichomonas vaginalis?
What is Trichomonas vaginalis?
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What is Gardia Lambia?
What is Gardia Lambia?
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Study Notes
- Medical parasitology classifies parasites into protozoa and helminths.
- Protozoa are unicellular organisms.
- Helminths are multicellular organisms.
Protozoa Characteristics
- Protozoa are unicellular organisms belonging to the Kingdom Protista.
- They can transform from an active, motile trophozoite stage to an inactive, non-motile cyst stage.
- Four main groups of protozoa are: Sarcomastigophora (amoebae), Zoomastigophora (flagellates), Apicomplexa (malaria and coccidia), and Ciliophora (ciliates).
Sarcomastigophora (Amoebae)
- Trophozoite is the actively motile feeding stage.
- Cyst is the quiescent, resistant, infective stage.
- Reproduction occurs via binary fission.
- Motility is achieved through the extension of pseudopodia.
- Entamoeba histolytica is an example of an amoeba.
Entamoeba Histolytica
- Mature cysts ingested.
- Cysts and trophozoites passed in feces.
- Multiplication occurs.
- Excystation occurs.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Entamoeba Histolytica
- Trophozoites have a single nucleus.
- Cysts contain 1-4 nuclei.
Nonpathogenic Amoebae
- Several types of nonpathogenic amoebae exist in the intestines, including: Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba polecki, Endolimax nana, and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
Entamoeba Coli
- Trophozoites have a single nucleus and a large karyosome.
- Cysts have 8 nuclei
Endolimax Nana
- Trophozoites measure 6–12 µm and have a single nucleus with a characteristically large, irregularly shaped karyosome.
- Cysts vary from spherical to ellipsoidal.
- Cysts measure 5–10 µm and have four small nuclei with large, usually centrally located karyosomes.
Entamoeba Hartmanii
- Trophozoites have a single nucleus that contains a small, centrally located karyosome.
- Cysts are 7-9µ in diameter and contain 1 - 4 nuclei.
Iodamoeba Butschlii
- Trophozoites measure 8–20 µm and have a single nucleus with a large, usually centrally located karyosome.
- Cysts are nearly spherical to ellipsoidal in shape, measure 5–20 μm, and contain a single nucleus.
Ciliophora
- Ciliophora are characterized by a coating of cilia on their cell surfaces.
- Ciliophora has two types of nuclei within single cells: a micronucleus and a macronucleus.
Balantidium Coli
- Trophozoites are covered with cilia and have a macronucleus and micronucleus.
- Cysts are spherical with a single nucleus.
Balantidium Coli Infection
- Cysts shed in formed stools
- Both cysts and trophozoites may be shed in diarrheal stools.
- binary fission occurs
- The cyst is the infectious stage and is acquired by the host through ingestion of contaminated food or water.
Flagellates
- Flagellates, such as Giardia and Trichomonas, are examples of flagellates.
Giardia Lamblia
- Giardia Lamblia have two equal-sized nuclei
- Giardia Lamblia have 8 flagella
- Asexual reproduction is by longitudinal binary fission
Giardia Lamblia (Intestinalis)
- Cysts are the dormant stage and can survive for weeks to months in cold water.
- They absorb nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine and are anaerobes.
Trichomonas Vaginalis
- Trichomonas Vaginalis is a 15 to 30 μm pear-shaped protozoon.
- It has a small, very pale, eccentrically placed nucleus.
- Causes infections in human females and is sexually transmitted.
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