Medical Nutrition Therapy in Kidney Disease

The kidney filters approximately $1600$ L of blood per day.

A patient with a GFR of 55 mL/min/1.73m² would be classified as having Stage 3 chronic kidney disease.

A patient with chronic kidney disease can be classified as having Stage 1 even if their GFR is above 100 mL/min/1.73m².

The kidney's primary function is to regulate the levels of fluids, electrolytes, and organic solutes in the body, maintaining a stable internal environment.

Patients with kidney failure will always have a GFR below 15 mL/min/1.73m².

The glomerulus is responsible for filtering blood and preventing the passage of blood cells and protein.

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) typically involves 2-3 hour exchange cycles throughout the day.

The kidney's ability to eliminate nitrogenous waste products is referred to as renal failure.

Hemodyalisis patients typically receive treatment 2-3 times per week, for a duration of 2-3 hours each session.

The kidneys regulate blood pressure through the production of erythropoietin, a hormone involved in red blood cell production.

Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is marked by a sudden decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Increasing carbohydrate intake to above 150g daily reduces protein breakdown by more than 50%.

The recommended protein intake for non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease is between 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg.

In the early stages of ARF, patients can often eat normally and do not require nutritional support.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is classified into five stages based on the severity of the condition.

The estimated daily calorie needs for a patient with chronic kidney disease are approximately 40-50 kcal/kg.

Individuals on hemodialysis should restrict their daily potassium intake to between 2 and 3 grams.

A patient on hemodialysis with hypertension and edema may need to restrict their fluid intake.

A patient on hemodialysis should strive for a weight gain of 2 to 3 kg between dialysis sessions.

The recommended daily sodium intake for most patients on hemodialysis is 2-3 grams.

The energy requirement for an adult on hemodialysis is 15-20 kcal/kg of ideal body weight.

The amount of protein required daily for an adult on hemodialysis is 0.8 g/kg of ideal body weight.

A patient on hemodialysis who experiences a 65% or greater reduction in serum urea is considered poorly dialyzed.

Renal osteodystrophy is a common complication of ESRD that can affect calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels.

A serum ferritin level below 100 ng/dL is a hallmark of absolute iron deficiency in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).

A patient on dialysis should limit their intake of dairy products to 2 servings per day.

The recommended target hemoglobin (Hb) level for patients with CKD is between 10.0 and 11.0 g/dL.

Folic acid deficiency can cause macrocytic anemia and is often exacerbated by hemodialysis due to the loss of folic acid in the dialysate.

A TSAT greater than 20% and a serum ferritin level above 200 ng/dL are recommended targets for iron supplementation in hemodialysis patients to ensure adequate iron stores for erythropoiesis.

The recommended daily intake of fruits, vegetables, and juices for dialysis patients is restricted to eight servings.

Epoetin and Darbepoetin are erythropoiesis-stimulating agents that have significantly improved the treatment of anemia in dialysis and CKD patients.

A patient on dialysis should limit their fluid intake to prevent a weight gain exceeding 3.0 kg between treatments.

As the GFR decreases, phosphorus is retained in the plasma due to its renal excretion being enhanced.

Patients with ESRD commonly experience glucose intolerance with hyperglycemia but not hypoglycemia.

Anemia is less prevalent in stage 4 CKD compared to earlier stages.

The World Health Organization defines anemia as a Hb level of less than 14 g/dL for men.

Erythropoietin is insufficiently produced due to factors including the bone marrow's decreased response to oxygen delivery.

Calcium intake is generally kept low in order to mitigate the impacts of hyperparathyroidism in renal failure.

Iron deficiency is the least significant contributor to anemia in chronic kidney disease compared to other factors.

Levels of fat-soluble vitamins typically show greater fluctuations than water-soluble vitamins in patients with renal disease.