Medical Ethics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which principle of ethics emphasizes respect for a patient's wishes regarding treatment choices?

Beneficence

Utility

Fidelity

Autonomy (correct)

What does the principle of beneficence primarily focus on?

Achieving maximum benefits with resources

Doing good to patients (correct)

Faithfulness to medical duties

Fair treatment of patients

Which principle demands that a physician's decisions be made fairly and impartially?

Utility

Fidelity

Justice (correct)

Autonomy

What is one of the general responsibilities of patients?

To adopt a healthy lifestyle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a responsibility of patients?

Demanding treatments regardless of recommendations Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the basic element in the physician-patient relationship?

Trust Signup and view all the answers

According to Hippocrates, which of the following is not permitted?

Euthanasia Signup and view all the answers

What role does the knowledge gap between physician and patient play?

It fosters trust and compliance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the traditional physician-patient relationship?

Physicians hide information from patients for their benefit. Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for medical intervention according to Islamic and Ottoman law?

The patient's legal representative must approve. Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the certificates of consent in the Ottoman Empire?

They recorded necessary conditions for consent meticulously. Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for providing consent for medical interventions performed on children?

The parent or guardian Signup and view all the answers

What landmark decision took place in 1914 regarding patient autonomy?

Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital Signup and view all the answers

How did the traditional understanding of medicine view the role of physicians?

As infallible authorities who make decisions for patients. Signup and view all the answers

Which right is explicitly not upheld by the traditional physician-patient understanding of medicine?

The right to refuse treatment. Signup and view all the answers

Which right is NOT included in the Patient’s Bill of Rights established in 1973?

Right to free medical treatment Signup and view all the answers

What does informed consent provide to a patient?

Necessary information to make decisions regarding treatment Signup and view all the answers

What principle was recognized by the New Jersey Supreme Court in the 1976 Karen Ann Quinlan case?

Surrogate decision making for incompetent patients Signup and view all the answers

Which event in 1957 contributed notably to the concept of informed consent?

First use of the term 'informed consent' by Attorney Paul G. Gebhard Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a right listed in the Patient’s Bill of Rights?

Right to access specialized medical care immediately Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the 1947 Nuremberg Code?

It emphasized the need for patient consent prior to experiments. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following rights is specifically mentioned in the Declaration of Lisbon as a patient right related to medical care?

Right to dignity and relief of suffering Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine state regarding persons unable to consent?

They are protected under consent principles. Signup and view all the answers

Which right is explicitly included in the European Charter of Patients’ Rights related to communication?

Right to information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following rights is NOT mentioned in the Declaration of Lisbon?

Right to moral and cultural respect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following rights is emphasized in the European Charter of Patients’ Rights in relation to safety?

Right to safety Signup and view all the answers

Which document emphasizes the right to have one’s moral and cultural values respected?

Declaration on the Promotion of Patients' Rights in Europe Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental principle stated in the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine?

Primacy of the human being Signup and view all the answers

Which right related to patient care is reiterated in both the Declaration of Lisbon and the European Charter?

Right to private life Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Patient Rights

Patient rights are a 3rd generation human right.
Patient rights are crucial for everyone, including physicians.
The physician-patient relationship is a particular form of interpersonal interaction, primarily based on trust.
The knowledge disparity between the physician and patient significantly influences the relationship.

Goals of Medicine

Promote health and prevent illness.
Cure disease.
Enhance quality of life through symptom relief.
Prevent premature death.
Improve or maintain functional status.
Educate and advise patients about their conditions and prognosis.
Prevent harm to patients during care.
Facilitate a peaceful death.
Many goals can be pursued concurrently.

Hippocratic Oath

Right to be treated.
Service to benefit the patient.
Opposed to euthanasia.
Opposed to abortion.
Allow for assistance from other physicians when needed.
Respect for the patient and their body.
Maintaining patient confidentiality.

Origins of Patient Rights

The historical shift from paternalism to patient autonomy started in 1914.
The New York Court of Appeals, in the Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital case, stated that adults have the right to decide what happens to their bodies.
In 1976, the Karen Ann Quinlan case led to the recognition of surrogate decision-makers for incompetent patients.
1947 Nuremberg Code.
In 1957, Attorney Paul G. Gebhard introduced the concept of informed consent.
Informed consent became more widely recognized and upheld in court decisions in the 1970s.

Informed consent was documented in Sharia Registries as early as the 15th century.
Consent procedures for medical interventions involved careful consideration.
Consent was obtained from those with the capacity to consent, and patients were informed about the procedure to protect their will, especially regarding children.

Conditions of Medical Intervention (Islamic/Ottoman Law)

Medical interventions must be performed by qualified personnel with adequate knowledge and experience.
The doctor acts with the intention of treatment.
Interventions must be appropriate according to medical practice.
Consent must be obtained from the patient, their legal representative, or a judge.

Patient's Bill of Rights (1973 AHA)

Patients have the right to considerate and respectful care.
Patients have the right to receive complete and up-to-date information on their diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
Patients have the right to necessary information to offer informed consent.
Patients have the right to advance directives (e.g., DNR).
Patients have the right to privacy regarding medical care.
Patients have the right to confidentiality of all communications and records.
Patients have the right to a reasonable response time to requests.
Patients have the right to information about relationships between hospital and other healthcare facilities.
Patients have the right to be informed about any research studies and the right to refuse participation.
Patients have the right to reasonable continuity of care.
Patients have the right to review medical records and examine bills.
Patients have the right to be informed about hospital rules, regulations, policies, and resources for resolving disputes.

Declaration of Lisbon (1981 WMA)

Right to good quality medical care.
Right to freedom of choice.
Right to self-determination.
Right to confidentiality.
Right to dignity and relief of suffering, including in terminal care.
Right to religious assistance.
Right to information.
Right to privacy.
Right to health education.

The Declaration on the Promotion of Patient Rights in Europe (1994 WHO)

Right to respect as a human being.
Right to self-determination.
Right to physical and mental integrity.
Right to privacy.
Recognition of moral and cultural values and religious/philosophical convictions.
Right to protection of health.

Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (The Oviedo, 1997 EU)

Principles applicable to all medical practices.
Primacy of the human being
Equity of access to healthcare Principles applicable to new biotechnologies (genetics, transplantation, research).
Informed consent.
Respect for privacy.
Right to information.
Right to emergency medical care.
Scientific research standards.
No genetic discrimination.
No organ transplant.

European Charter of Patients' Rights (Rome, 2002)

Right to preventive measures.
Right to access.
Right to information.
Right to consent.
Right to free choice.
Right to privacy and confidentiality.
Right to respect for patient time.
Right to the observance of quality standards.
Right to privacy and confidentiality.
Right to safety.
Right to innovation.
Right to avoid unnecessary suffering and pain.
Right to personalized treatment.
Right to complain.
Right to compensation.

Patient Rights and Clinical Ethics

Patient rights and clinical ethics should align for effective care.
Autonomy: Respecting patient self-determination in treatment choices.
Beneficence: Acting in the best interests of the patient.
Fidelity: Adhering to professional duties and obligations.
Justice: Ensuring fair and impartial treatment decisions.
Utility: Maximizing benefits for patients and minimizing resource waste.

Patient Responsibilities

General responsibilities: Protect health and adopt a healthy lifestyle
Respectful and attentive behavior towards healthcare professionals.
Collaboration with healthcare professionals.
Providing accurate information to healthcare professionals.
Compliance with institutional rules and treatment recommendations.

Additional Notes

Patient rights are part of the 3rd generation of human rights.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the principles of medical ethics, including respect for patient autonomy, beneficence, and fairness in medical decisions. This quiz covers historical perspectives and current responsibilities within the physician-patient relationship.