Medical Ethics: Autonomy and Paternalism
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Questions and Answers

What is a key requirement for autonomy according to common beliefs?

  • Ability to make arbitrary choices
  • Total independence from societal norms
  • Capacity to have preferences and reflect on them (correct)
  • Influence from authoritative figures

Which situation is an example of paternalism?

  • A patient choosing a treatment option against medical advice
  • A nurse allowing a patient to smoke after assessing their wishes
  • A healthcare provider deciding a patient cannot refuse treatment due to lack of capacity (correct)
  • A family member advocating for a patient's dietary preference

What aspect of decision-making does the relational view of autonomy emphasize?

  • The ability to make decisions regardless of societal expectations
  • The complete independence from external influences
  • The inherent individualism of each person
  • The impact of relationships on the decision-making process (correct)

What are the implications of failing to respect a patient's autonomy?

<p>It undermines their dignity as a human being (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can coercion manifest in a healthcare setting?

<p>By restricting a patient's choices based on their condition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group has the highest suicide rate in Canada?

<p>Indigenous populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Canadians with mental illness also struggle with substance abuse problems?

<p>20% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of the stigma associated with mental illness as presented in the content?

<p>Fear and increased violence against people with mental illness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about patients with mental illness regarding violence?

<p>They comprise a substantial portion of violent offenders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals who need mental health services in Canada actually receive them?

<p>33% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is mentioned as being at higher risk for mental health problems due to exposure to violence?

<p>Children and adolescents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the burden of disease is related to mental health in Canada compared to healthcare spending?

<p>15% burden, 5% spending (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legal mechanism is mentioned for the confinement of individuals presenting a danger to themselves or others?

<p>Preventive and temporary confinement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of mental illness as defined in the context provided?

<p>Clinically significant distress or disability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights emphasizes the right to life, liberty, and security of the person?

<p>Article 3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of dignity relate to autonomy in nursing practice?

<p>Dignity can sometimes conflict with an individual's autonomy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental difference between consequentialism and deontological ethics?

<p>Consequentialism judges actions based solely on their outcomes, while deontological ethics believes some actions are inherently wrong. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In virtue ethics, what is essential for nurses when facing ethical dilemmas?

<p>Professional wisdom and moral imagination to evaluate situations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does trauma-informed care primarily aim to address?

<p>Creating a safe environment for patients by recognizing trauma effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does trauma- and violence-informed care (TVIC) expand upon trauma-informed care (TIC)?

<p>TVIC incorporates both systemic violence and individual trauma into patient care. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quality is highlighted as essential for a good nurse within the context of virtue ethics?

<p>Courage to act according to moral convictions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mentors play in the development of virtues for nurses?

<p>They model virtuous behavior and help students learn character. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following improvements has been associated with practicing trauma- and violence-informed care?

<p>Decreased emotional strain among staff. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of virtue ethics mentioned in the content?

<p>It fails to connect personal and professional ethics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial approach suggested before using coercive measures in public health ethics?

<p>Education and discussion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle addresses the obligation to compensate burdens imposed by public health requests?

<p>Reciprocity principle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical dimension focuses on the moral standing of a population's health?

<p>Ethics in public health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical theory prioritizes the minimization of harm to individuals and the community?

<p>Harm principle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle emphasizes the need for transparency in public health decision-making?

<p>Transparency principle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of public health ethics relates to the importance of treating others with respect?

<p>Deontology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best practice regarding the use of physical restraints on patients?

<p>Always assess carefully and remove restraints as soon as possible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes informal coercion in mental healthcare?

<p>Use of manipulation without formal documentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In public health, what does the term 'tutiorism' imply?

<p>Different burdens of proof for public health action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might contribute to moral distress in mental health patients?

<p>Forced compliance to treatment situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common ethical dilemma faced by nurses during public health crises?

<p>Balancing personal and professional responsibilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is NOT part of equity-oriented healthcare?

<p>Focusing solely on clinical outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should employers provide to support nurses during public health emergencies?

<p>Clear and truthful communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical concern regarding AI in healthcare?

<p>The data used in AI may reflect biases and inaccuracies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical theory emphasizes the development of virtuous character and relates to public health ethics?

<p>Virtue ethics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critique does the principalist framework face in public health ethics?

<p>Does not account for differing public opinions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'perceived coercion' entail?

<p>Coercion recognized by the patient based on their experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical consideration supports the idea of financial and instrumental support for nurses?

<p>Reciprocity principle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the stigma surrounding mental health in healthcare?

<p>Strong advocacy and communication from healthcare organizations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of modern bioethics as it applies to public health?

<p>Consideration of varying ethical theories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the reasons patients may face coercion in mental health?

<p>Illness that impacts behaviors and self-control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overarching concern of public health compared to clinical ethics?

<p>Prevention and community health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best summarizes the principles of trauma-informed care?

<p>Emphasize safety, trust, and collaborative care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of personal leverage in persuasion?

<p>Expressing disappointment to the patient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may hinder nurses from seeking mental health support?

<p>Belief that mental health concerns signal weakness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential misuse of AI in healthcare?

<p>Data exploitation for corporate profit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the imbalance of power in mental healthcare?

<p>Patient autonomy and self-determination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generative AI primarily used for?

<p>Creating new and original content (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of trauma and violence-informed care (TVIC)?

<p>To ensure all service users are respected and safe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of TVIC emphasizes creating environments that promote safety and trust?

<p>Emphasizing safety and trust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should care options be shaped according to the TVIC principles?

<p>They should be collaborative, considering patient preferences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should organizational policies allow for to effectively implement TVIC?

<p>Flexibility in engagement to accommodate diverse needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a crucial approach to care for individuals during the pandemic?

<p>Culturally safe and least restrictive measures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus of trauma and violence-informed care?

<p>Encouraging isolation of participants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an implication of informed consent in the context of TVIC?

<p>Clear communication of expectations about services is essential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a critical need for change in global health practices?

<p>Decentralization and decolonization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the nurse approach trust-building according to TVIC principles?

<p>By acknowledging shared vulnerabilities between nurse and patient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cultural safety' relate to in healthcare?

<p>Safeguarding human rights while respecting diverse cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as a significant barrier in the relationship between healthcare providers and Indigenous communities?

<p>Trust issues stemming from historical trauma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the understanding of trauma and violence in TVIC?

<p>Strict adherence to guidelines without modification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way should clinical care be delivered to align with TVIC?

<p>With a relational and understanding approach to individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should public health prioritize to address inequities faced by Indigenous Peoples?

<p>Addressing upstream social determinants of health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of adapting physical spaces in the context of TVIC?

<p>Ensuring comfortable and private interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical principle emphasizes the need to avoid causing harm in healthcare practices for Indigenous populations?

<p>Nonmaleficence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with decreasing the likelihood of suicide among Aboriginal youth?

<p>Participation in land claims and community control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which issue is highlighted when discussing ethics in mental health nursing?

<p>Resource allocation in relation to psychosocial needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misinterpretation can occur regarding patients who are perceived as 'uncooperative'?

<p>Patients are simply not willing to participate in care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of fostering health equity in public health?

<p>Ensuring access regardless of socioeconomic status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential when discussing consent and capacity in mental health care?

<p>Engaging patients in their care decisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to move towards reconciliation with Indigenous communities?

<p>Listening and engaging in reciprocal relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is suggested to ensure that public health aligns with Indigenous ways of knowing?

<p>Integrate community-based and nation-driven methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is discouraged due to its damaging effects on Indigenous communities?

<p>Perpetuation of colonialism in healthcare (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of structural vulnerability in healthcare?

<p>Systemic racism affecting healthcare access (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ethical accountability play in global health initiatives?

<p>Ensuring engagement with local communities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of leadership, what is crucial for supporting nurses during crises like pandemics?

<p>Demonstrating visibility and transparency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of health equity?

<p>All individuals having equal access to health resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of public health?

<p>To organize efforts that prevent illness and promote health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do public health initiatives save money?

<p>Through disease prevention and health promotion measures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant ethical concern related to health surveillance?

<p>Over-representation of non-Indigenous perspectives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the harm principle in public health?

<p>Restricting actions that may harm others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates the concept of social determinants of health (SDH)?

<p>Education level and income income (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical question arises from the allocation of medical resources during a public health crisis?

<p>Who gets access to critical resources like ventilators? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most significant in determining health equity?

<p>Social determinants of health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a main outcome of the Walkerton incident?

<p>Legal consequences due to negligence and systemic failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major ethical concern regarding public health campaigns, particularly in low-income neighborhoods?

<p>The effectiveness versus potential harms of the campaigns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is part of disease prevention in public health?

<p>Investigating and tracing contacts during outbreaks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of rabies prevention, what does 'One Health' ethics emphasize?

<p>Collaboration among multiple scientific fields for better health outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge in promoting health equity?

<p>Overcoming historical injustices and discrimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does public health act as a return on investment?

<p>By minimizing the costs associated with preventable diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is least likely to be considered vulnerable in public health discussions?

<p>Fashion industry professionals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of public health ethics may conflict with organizational values?

<p>Individual autonomy versus confidentiality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is recognized as the first Black women to organize nursing care?

<p>Black Cross Nurses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does health promotion primarily focus on?

<p>Preventing diseases and encouraging safe behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative consequence of paternalism in public health?

<p>Disregard for the opinions of marginalized communities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one goal of public health in Canada?

<p>To ensure equitable health outcomes for all populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary aims in planning for disaster response?

<p>Minimizing serious illness and deaths (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a public health measure to control communicable diseases?

<p>Mandating vaccinations for children (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an important consideration in public health values?

<p>Balancing individual rights with public health needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant barrier to healthy eating in low-income neighborhoods?

<p>Availability of income to buy healthy food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents an ethical issue in public health advocacy?

<p>Balancing costs and benefits of health programs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges does climate change pose to public health policies?

<p>Increased risk of permanent ecosystem degradation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle focuses on the fair distribution of health resources?

<p>Social justice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about public health interventions for obesity?

<p>They may unintentionally stigmatize communities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern regarding HIC donors in global health initiatives?

<p>They often micromanage and set the agenda. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental ethical concern in public health that contrasts with clinical ethics?

<p>Broader issues of justice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective on public health ethics involves advocating for interventions that achieve moral aims?

<p>Advocacy ethics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for global health funding to incorporate reciprocity?

<p>To allow grantees to guide the importance of their projects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'relational autonomy' in public health emphasize?

<p>Importance of community relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do short-term funding cycles have on local health systems?

<p>They reproduce inequalities and can shift focus from core goals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is not considered a reportable diagnosis in public health?

<p>Heart disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an argument made regarding global health commitments to undo colonialism?

<p>They need to match actions with a relinquishment of power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contemporary issue exacerbates inequalities in vaccine distribution?

<p>Wealthy nations hoarding COVID-19 vaccines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key ethical criteria should be assessed regarding public health interventions?

<p>Expected health benefits to the population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant global health threat related to vaccination?

<p>Vaccine hesitancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is critical for addressing global health disparities?

<p>Acknowledge the interconnectedness of health systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception is challenged regarding the most impacted populations by global health issues?

<p>They are solely victims of chance and bad luck. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus area within public health ethics today?

<p>Health equity and justice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle does the 'Marckmann criterion' related to public health ethics evaluate?

<p>Equity in health resource distribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do universities play in global health education?

<p>They need to create responsive global health education opportunities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which infectious disease was cited as having a significant death toll attributed to vaccine-preventable causes?

<p>Measles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phrase best describes the approach of global health initiatives as stated in the content?

<p>Surgical rather than organic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor contributing to the child mortality rate today?

<p>The ongoing disparities in global health care access. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of legal action has been influential in shaping corporate tobacco practices?

<p>Litigation by affected individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases does not generally require compulsory treatment due to its non-infectious nature?

<p>Diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of public health interventions does the term 'efficiency' refer to?

<p>Return on investment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension of public health ethics challenges assumptions about individualism?

<p>Critical public health ethics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most associated with the mental health of Indigenous adolescents?

<p>Cultural identity and self-governance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle emphasizes the importance of maintaining bonds among people and generations in AI development?

<p>Solidarity principle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to protect privacy in the development of AI systems?

<p>To respect individuals' personal boundaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles ensures the development of AI contributes to a just society?

<p>Equity principle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential risk associated with cognitive unloading in the use of AI?

<p>Diminished human cognitive capacities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the Responsibility principle in AI ethics?

<p>Humans are accountable for decisions made by AI systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is associated with using AI in social interactions for patients with dementia?

<p>AI systems may lack emotional understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle primarily concerns the prevention of harm in public health?

<p>Harm principle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does biased data affect AI systems?

<p>It may cause AI to replicate human biases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes the need for AI systems to be understandable and subject to scrutiny?

<p>Democratic participation principle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern when using AI for academic purposes?

<p>Breach of academic integrity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major ethical consideration for AI in healthcare?

<p>Maintaining patient autonomy and privacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is primarily concerned with ensuring environmental sustainability in AI development?

<p>Sustainable development principle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'integrity' emphasize in nursing ethics?

<p>Commitment to honesty and truthfulness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible adverse consequence of using AI in healthcare according to the caution principle?

<p>Risk of data breaches and privacy violations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical challenge remains prevalent in public health interventions?

<p>Balancing individual rights with community safety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes the importance of taking action despite uncertainty in climate-related health issues?

<p>Precautionary principle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can public health professionals best advocate for solutions in response to climate change?

<p>By engaging in collective action and social justice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'moral distress' in nursing refer to?

<p>Feelings of guilt when unable to act on ethical judgment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be prioritized to uphold the dignity of persons receiving care during a pandemic?

<p>Using the least restrictive means possible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is critical for supporting nurses when they show up during a public health crisis?

<p>Ensuring appropriate staffing and safety precautions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'social prescribing' entail in the context of nursing?

<p>Recommending community resources for holistic support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle facilitates clear communication during a pandemic to address ethical dilemmas?

<p>Transparency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to ethical considerations during a pandemic, how should personal and professional responsibilities be decided?

<p>Through self-reflection and assessment of risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do nurses have in educating their colleagues and communities about climate change?

<p>They play a critical role in disseminating relevant knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of moral agency in nursing practice?

<p>The capacity to direct actions towards ethical outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is essential for addressing the health needs of Indigenous peoples during a public health crisis?

<p>Least restrictive means (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the reciprocity principle significant for nurses during a pandemic?

<p>It emphasizes the need for mutual support between nurses and stakeholders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how nurses can recognize and respond to exposure-related health conditions?

<p>By assessing community health impacts and prescribing solutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of health professionals concerning public health and climate action?

<p>To act as change agents and educate others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of SDG 3?

<p>Ensure good health and well-being for all (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four pillars of emergency management?

<p>Care coordination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical consideration involves the responsibilities of healthcare providers and organizations during pandemics?

<p>Obligation to provide care despite risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical framework is used to weigh the impacts of public health measures against their social implications?

<p>Public health ethics framework (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major ethical issues related to pandemic planning?

<p>Allocation of scarce resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of public health refers to the interaction between individuals and the community during health crises?

<p>Population surveillance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is most affected by vaccine and pharmaceutical inequities?

<p>Low-income countries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be prioritized when assessing options in a public health crisis?

<p>Ethical values and principles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential burden arises from using digital proximity tracking technologies during a pandemic?

<p>Violation of individual autonomy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following issues is a collateral impact of the pandemic?

<p>Escalation of family violence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial aspect should be included in ethical healthcare practices during pandemics?

<p>Transparency in decision-making (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key issue can arise from resource allocation during a healthcare crisis?

<p>Disparities based on socioeconomic status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do nurses have regarding whistleblowing during the pandemic?

<p>They are allowed to whistleblow with proper grounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the historical context of colonialism affect global health ethics today?

<p>It establishes power imbalances and challenges to autonomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason someone may choose not to disclose their HIV status?

<p>Fear of losing their job or being unable to find one (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the perception of living with HIV changed post-2008?

<p>People think they will live well and cannot transmit the virus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of nursing does the document suggest can be negatively influenced by the criminal justice system?

<p>Trust between patients and healthcare providers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should nurses consider when documenting patient information related to disclosure?

<p>Only objective clinical information is significant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the document suggest about the role of nurses in relation to HIV criminalization?

<p>Nurses are advocates for change and need to expose negative impacts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional factor is associated with fears about discussing HIV status?

<p>Fear of emotional isolation and feeling 'dirty' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should nurses provide education about to support patients' understanding of their condition?

<p>The effects of treatment on viral load and transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in the understanding of HIV/AIDS from 1996 to 2008?

<p>Living well with HIV became a possibility with proper treatment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence for nurses who speak up about ethical issues in their practice?

<p>They often face negative consequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a barrier to HIV disclosure that relates to personal relationships?

<p>Fear of losing family, friends, or support networks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider family relationships in healthcare ethics?

<p>Restricting visits can lead to loneliness and deprivation of support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'shared responsibility' emphasize in the context of HIV prevention?

<p>Everyone has a role in preventing the transmission of HIV. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized for patients affected by a pandemic regarding palliative care?

<p>Palliative care should be extended to all patients, not just those dying (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must leaders do to effectively support nurses during challenging times?

<p>Be visibly present and ask how they can help (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does equity-informed palliative care aim to address?

<p>Misalignment of healthcare approaches for vulnerable populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can effective allyship contribute to addressing power imbalances?

<p>By using influence to redistribute power responsibly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of decolonizing individual thinking?

<p>Unlearning colonial education influences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what structural change is necessary in global health organizations?

<p>Implementing real diversity, equity, and inclusion practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of international donors approaching local projects as 'saviours'?

<p>Wasted resources and loss of local research interest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a pandemic have on existing ethical issues faced by nurses?

<p>It unveils existing issues more vividly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might researchers in the global South doubt their own capabilities?

<p>They are influenced by perceptions of inferiority from colonial legacies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common problem within many global health organizations?

<p>Reports of systemic racism and discrimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should health organizations approach local funding decisions to ensure effectiveness?

<p>Collaborate with local entities for greater understanding of needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of criminalization on persons living with HIV (PLWH)?

<p>It creates barriers to disclosure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which legal ruling established the duty to disclose HIV status to sexual partners in Canada?

<p>R.v.Cuerrier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor negates the duty to disclose HIV status before sexual activity in Canada?

<p>Having a suppressed viral load and using a condom. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population group has been historically overrepresented in HIV-related charges?

<p>Men who have sex with men. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of parrhesia refer to in the context of nursing advocacy?

<p>A verbal expression of truth that risks personal safety. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern regarding inconsistent court decisions related to HIV disclosure?

<p>They lead to confusion among medical professionals about legal duties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum penalty for aggravated sexual assault related to HIV non-disclosure in Canada?

<p>Life imprisonment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the framework proposed by Kirkham and Browne emphasize in relation to social justice?

<p>Redistribution of burdens and responsibilities in society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been recognized as an issue regarding the overcriminalization of HIV non-disclosure in Canada?

<p>Prosecutions often occur without the transmission of HIV. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one recommendation from the advocacy perspective regarding HIV prosecution?

<p>Only prosecute when transmission has occurred intentionally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries have HIV-specific criminal laws in place?

<p>73 countries globally. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence for individuals charged with non-disclosure of HIV?

<p>Increased stigma and discrimination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might some healthcare providers feel uncertain in advising their patients about HIV disclosure?

<p>There is a lack of consistency in legal guidelines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What current position does UNAIDS hold regarding HIV criminalization?

<p>It advocates for decriminalization and human rights protections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of harm reduction strategies in relation to substance use?

<p>Preventing the harms associated with substance use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles aligns with the philosophy of harm reduction?

<p>Evidence-based interventions focusing on health rights (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do local organizations play in global health efforts?

<p>They elevate marginalized voices and influence collective actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of triage during a disaster, which approach prioritizes saving the greatest number of lives?

<p>Utilitarian triage focusing on potential outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is associated with establishing harm reduction policies?

<p>Difficulty in measuring immediate effects on drug use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of meaningful participation in harm reduction initiatives?

<p>Active engagement of people who use drugs in decision-making (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viewpoint reflects humility in global health work?

<p>Recognizing your limitations and seeking community input (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical consideration does the doctrine of double effect focus on?

<p>Evaluating the intention behind an action amidst possible harm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate goal of harm reduction programs?

<p>Addressing immediate needs of those affected by substance use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of Hurricane Katrina, how did hospital staff prioritize their patients?

<p>Using a utilitarian approach to maximize lifeboat capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a misinterpretation of harm reduction in substance use contexts?

<p>It requires users to stop using drugs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of solidarity is vital in global health initiatives?

<p>Uplifting and supporting marginalized voices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes evidence-based practices in harm reduction?

<p>Using scientifically proven methods to guide interventions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible challenge faced during community-level health interventions?

<p>Resistance to understanding harm reduction principles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'voluntourism' in global health describes what phenomenon?

<p>Combining travel with volunteer work that may not address genuine community needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Autonomy

The ability to make choices and reflect on their validity; a free and justifiable choice.

Paternalism

A practice where the well-being of a patient is prioritized over the patient's own wishes.

Coercion

Using your authority to override someone else's choices.

Infantilization

Treating a patient in a child-like manner, limiting their independence.

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Relational Autonomy

No one makes decisions entirely alone; influenced by relationships.

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Consequentialism

A way of judging actions based only on their results.

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Deontologicalism

Judging actions based on whether they're inherently 'right' or 'wrong', regardless of the outcome.

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Trauma

Experiencing a deeply negative event or series of events, and the resulting response.

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Trauma-informed care (TIC)

Care that recognizes and understands the impact of trauma on people’s health and actions, creating a safe environment for patients.

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Trauma and Violence-informed care (TVIC)

Care that considers the impact of systemic and personal violence, structural inequities, and broader social conditions on a person's life.

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Virtue Ethics

Ethical approach focused on developing virtuous characteristics like courage, wisdom, and compassion.

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Dignity

Worth and respect, which can be both culturally and personally defined.

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Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Negative childhood experiences that can have significant long-term negative impacts.

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TVIC Providers

Providers who are sensitive to and aware of the systemic and interpersonal violence and potential trauma that their patients might be experiencing.

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Mental Illness in Canada

A significant public health concern affecting one in five Canadians, with many experiencing symptoms in childhood/adolescence.

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Risk Factors for Mental Illness

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing a mental illness, including low income, unemployment, violence exposure, repetitive work with little decision-making power, and specific demographics like women and Indigenous populations.

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Suicide Rates & Mental Illness

Suicide is a leading cause of death among young adults in Canada; Individuals with mental illness are significantly more likely to die by suicide, with rates often being 5-7x or higher than the national average in certain communities.

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Mental Health Services Access

A significant gap exists in Canada, with only a third of those needing mental health support actually receiving it, and healthcare spending allocated to mental health is a small percentage of the total.

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Stigma of Mental Illness

Negative attitudes and beliefs about people with mental illness often leading to fear and discrimination.

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Mental Illness and Violence

The belief that people with mental illness are more prone to violence is inaccurate; people with mental illness are more likely to be victims of crime.

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DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition; a widely used classification of mental disorders.

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Human Rights & Mental Illness

Mental health legislation should uphold basic human rights such as life, liberty, and security of person, avoiding coercive measures or treatment without informed consent.

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Mental Illness & Homelessness

People with serious mental illness experience a higher rate of homelessness, underscoring the critical need for preventative and supportive services.

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Mental Health & Indigenous Populations

Indigenous populations face significantly higher risks and rates of mental health issues compared to the Canadian average.

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TVIC Principles

Four principles of TVIC: Build awareness, emphasize safety and trust, offer authentic choices through connection and collaboration, find and build on strengths.

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High prevalence of trauma and violence

Trauma and violence are very common experiences, significant both historically and in the present.

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Historical violence

Violence and trauma that have occurred in the past, impacting individuals and groups collectively.

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Informed Consent

Providing clear information to understand care options.

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Confidentiality

Protecting sensitive client information.

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Crisis and safety plans

Creating plans to address immediate risks.

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Collaborative care

Working with clients to create solutions.

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Strengths-based care

Focusing on client skills and abilities.

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Stigma

Negative social judgments and beliefs towards people with mental illnesses or other experiences of vulnerability.

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Equity

Fairness and justice in access to care for all members of society, acknowledging historical inequalities.

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Deinstitutionalization

Shifting mental health care from long-term institutionalization to community-based care.

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Clinical issues vs psychosocial needs

Balancing medical care and the social needs of mental health clients.

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Shared decision-making

Involving clients, and helping them make the best choices about their care and treatment.

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Vulnerability

The potential for harm or negative experiences and feelings.

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Power differentials

Differences in power among clients and providers.

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What are the 6 reasons for coercion in mental healthcare?

  1. Forced admission and treatment 2. Patient refusal of care 3. Inherent moral impact on self and behaviours 4. Power imbalance and institutional history 5. Differences in treatment modalities and ideologies 6. Moral distress.
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Formal coercion

Coercion formally regulated, decided and documented.

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Informal coercion

Any other type of coercion using power, control, or manipulation that isn't formally regulated.

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Persuasion

A type of informal coercion where you encourage someone to do or believe something.

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Interpersonal leverage

A type of informal coercion using emotions or relationships to influence a person's decision.

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Inducement

A type of informal coercion offering rewards or benefits for a desired outcome.

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Threat

A type of informal coercion using intimidation or harm to influence a person's choice.

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Perceived coercion

Coercion experienced based on a patient's perception, possibly influenced by formal or informal situations.

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What is the stigma surrounding mental illness

Mental illness often carries a negative perception in society, leading to discrimination and prejudice.

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How does stigma affect people with mental illness?

Stigma leads to social isolation, delayed treatment, and increased stress for individuals with mental illness.

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What is the link between stigma and health inequalities?

Stigma creates and maintains health inequalities by hindering access to resources and contributing to negative health outcomes.

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What is attribution theory in mental illness?

The tendency to blame individuals' mental illness on their character or weaknesses instead of recognizing external factors.

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What is Trauma and Violence Informed Care (TVIC)?

A care approach that acknowledges and addresses the impact of trauma on individuals' physical, mental, and emotional well-being.

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What are the principles of TVIC?

Trauma awareness, safety and trust, choice and collaboration, strengths-based approach, hope for recovery.

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What is the shift in language in TVIC?

Shifting from a deficit-based language that focuses on problems to a focus on adaptive strengths and resilience.

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Montreal Declaration

A set of principles for responsible AI development and implementation, focusing on well-being, autonomy, privacy, solidarity, justice, and sustainability.

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Well-being Principle

AI systems should promote the well-being of all sentient beings, emphasizing the positive impact of AI on individuals and society.

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Respect for Autonomy

AI systems should respect people's freedom to make decisions about their own lives and control their environment.

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Privacy and Intimacy

AI development and data acquisition should protect individuals' privacy and prevent intrusion.

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Solidarity

AI development should foster social cohesion and solidarity between people and generations.

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Democratic Participation

AI systems should be transparent, justifiable, and accessible, and subject to democratic oversight.

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Diversity and Inclusion

AI should respect and promote diversity, inclusiveness, and a wide range of lifestyles and experiences.

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Caution Principle

Practitioners should anticipate and mitigate potential adverse consequences of AI, prioritizing safety and avoiding harm.

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Responsibility

AI development and use should not diminish human responsibility for decision-making.

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Sustainable Development

AI development and use should prioritize environmental sustainability and minimize negative impacts on the planet.

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Nursing is Embodied and Relational

Nursing practice fundamentally involves human connection, empathy, and physical presence, going beyond purely technical skills.

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AI Bias

AI systems can inherit and amplify the biases present in the data they are trained on.

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Advocating for Equitable AI

Promoting the development and use of AI that fairly benefits all individuals, regardless of background.

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AI in Education

AI tools can be valuable for explaining concepts and simulating scenarios, but should not replace human learning or compromise academic integrity.

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Culturally Safe Care

Healthcare practices that respect and value the cultural beliefs, traditions, and experiences of Indigenous peoples.

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Decolonization in Healthcare

The process of dismantling colonial power structures and practices in healthcare, including addressing historical and ongoing inequities.

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Upstream Approach to Health

Addressing the root causes of health issues, such as social and economic factors, rather than just treating symptoms.

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Indigenous Self-Determination

The right of Indigenous communities to govern themselves and make decisions about their own health and well-being.

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Reconcile-Action

More than just apologies, actively working towards repairing past harms and building a just future for Indigenous peoples.

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Historical Trauma

The collective and intergenerational impact of colonization on Indigenous communities, leading to ongoing health disparities.

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Cultural Humility

Acknowledging the limitations of one's own knowledge and perspectives, and being open to learning from Indigenous communities.

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Power Asymmetries in Global Health

Unequal power dynamics between richer and poorer countries, often favoring Western perspectives and practices.

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Decolonization of Global Health Research

Moving beyond Western-centric research practices to involve and empower researchers from the Global South.

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Accountable Commitments to Equity

Going beyond symbolic gestures towards genuine action and commitment to addressing health inequities.

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Localizing Funding

Directing resources directly to communities and organizations on the ground, rather than centralized institutions.

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Self-Decentralization

Shifting power from institutions to individuals and communities, promoting autonomy and self-governance.

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Ethical Principles in Indigenous Health

Applying ethical principles like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice to address health disparities among Indigenous peoples.

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Collective Action in Decolonization

Working together as healthcare professionals, communities, and allies to dismantle colonial systems.

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Addressing Structural Determinants of Health

Focusing on societal factors like poverty, racism, and discrimination that contribute to health disparities.

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Harm Principle

The idea that a government can only limit individual freedoms to prevent harm to others.

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Resource Allocation in Emergencies

The ethical challenge of deciding who gets scarce medical resources (like ventilators) during a crisis.

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Vulnerability in Public Health

The need to address the unique needs of groups most at risk, like the elderly during a pandemic.

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Distributive Justice

Fairly distributing burdens and benefits in society, like public health measures.

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Tragic Decisions

When all possible choices during a crisis have negative consequences.

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Intersectoral Collaboration

When different organizations work together on a public health issue, like vaccinating raccoons against rabies.

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'One Health' Ethics

The idea that human, animal, and environmental health are interconnected and need to be addressed together.

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Obesity and Ethical Issues

The ethical challenges of public health interventions aimed at reducing obesity, including potential harms.

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Social Justice in Public Health

Fair distribution of opportunities and resources to ensure everyone has a chance to be healthy.

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Health Equity

Making sure that everyone has equal access to healthcare and healthy living conditions, regardless of their background.

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Social Determinants of Health (SDH)

Factors outside of healthcare that influence a person's health, like poverty, education, and housing.

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Public Health Practitioner Values

The ethical principles that guide the work of public health professionals, sometimes conflicting with organizational values.

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Public Health Law

Using laws to create conditions that support the health of the population.

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Conflict Between Autonomy and Public Good

When individual freedom clashes with protecting the health of the wider community.

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Public health

Actions taken to promote and protect the health of communities, including prevention, health promotion, and policy.

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Public health ethics

Examines the morality of actions taken to benefit public health, considering individual rights and the greater good.

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Public health vs clinical ethics

Public health ethics focuses on community well-being, while clinical ethics focuses on individual patients.

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Professional ethics

The ethical principles and values applied to public health practice, focusing on the professional character and mission of public health.

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Applied ethics

Applying ethical principles to real-world public health situations to guide ethical practice.

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Advocacy ethics

Taking a stance to promote public health interventions and reforms that achieve ethical goals.

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Critical public health ethics

Examining the assumptions and power dynamics underlying public health issues to understand ethical problems.

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Marckmann's ethical criteria

A framework for evaluating public health interventions using five criteria: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, equity, and efficiency.

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Relational solidarity

Working together and standing in solidarity for collective health and well-being.

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Vaccine hesitancy

Reluctance or resistance to getting vaccinated despite the scientific evidence and benefits.

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Mandatory vaccinations

Requiring all individuals in certain settings (like schools) to get vaccinated.

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Climate Change and Health

The study of how climate change impacts human health, including physical and mental well-being.

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Precautionary Principle

Acting to prevent potential harm, even if scientific certainty about the risk is not fully established.

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Social Justice and Climate Action

Recognizing that climate change disproportionately affects marginalized communities and advocating for equitable solutions.

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Role of Nurses in Climate Action

Nurses play a critical role in addressing climate change by advocating for policies, educating communities, and providing climate-sensitive care.

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Social Prescribing

Nurses connecting patients with community resources to address social determinants of health.

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Moral Distress in Nursing

The feeling of unease or guilt when unable to act ethically due to constraints like resource limitations or conflicting priorities.

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Moral Community in Nursing

A workplace environment where nurses feel safe to express ethical concerns and where actions align with values.

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Moral Agency in Nursing

The ability of nurses to make ethical choices and act on them to promote patient well-being.

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Nurse's Duty to Care

The ethical obligation of nurses to provide care despite potential risk to themselves.

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Reciprocity in Pandemic Response

The mutual responsibility of nurses, employers, governments, and the public to support each other during a pandemic.

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Transparency in Pandemic Communication

Providing clear, accurate, and timely information about the pandemic to nurses, patients, and the public.

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Least Restrictive Means in Pandemic Care

Using the least intrusive interventions or limitations that still ensure safety and well-being.

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Culturally Safe Care in Pandemic

Providing care that respects and incorporates the cultural values and perspectives of Indigenous peoples.

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Least Restrictive Means Principle

This principle states that more coercive methods, such as interdiction or incarceration, should only be used when less coercive methods, like education or facilitation, have failed.

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Reciprocity Principle

This principle emphasizes that a social entity, such as a public health department, has an obligation to assist individuals or communities when public health measures impose burdens on them.

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Transparency Principle

This principle emphasizes the importance of involving all stakeholders in decision-making processes regarding public health measures. Decisions should be made in a clear and accountable manner.

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Ethics of Public Health

This refers to the ethical dimensions of professionalism and moral trust that society invests in public health professionals to act for the public good. It focuses on professional ethics.

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Ethics in Public Health

This explores the ethical dimensions of public health initiatives, focusing on the moral standing of population health, balancing collective goods with individual interests, and social justice considerations.

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Ethics for Public Health

This focuses on the values of healthy communities, the interests of populations, and practical methods to protect public health through legislation and policy.

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Harm Principle vs. Utilitarianism

The harm principle prioritizes minimizing harm to individuals and the community, while utilitarianism aims to maximize overall happiness and well-being. Both theories aim for the greater good but have different approaches.

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Least Restrictive Means Principle vs. Deontology

The least restrictive means principle aligns with deontology by emphasizing respect for individual autonomy and avoiding using people as mere instruments. Both prioritize individual rights and avoiding coercion.

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Reciprocity Principle vs. Virtue Ethics

The reciprocity principle aligns with virtue ethics by emphasizing virtues like compassion and fairness. Both encourage helping those who bear burdens for the public good.

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Tutiorism in Public Health

This principle states that public health actions may require a different burden of proof compared to ‘normal’ scientific reasoning. Action is often taken to prevent harm even with uncertain evidence.

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Underdetermination in Public Health

This refers to the potential for different interpretations of data, leading to conflict in public health decisions. Multiple plausible conclusions can be drawn from the same data.

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Nurses' Ethical Considerations During Pandemics

Nurses face complex ethical dilemmas during pandemics, weighing personal and professional responsibilities, risk to themselves and families, and the needs of patients and colleagues.

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Employer and Government Responsibilities to Nurses

Employers and governments have a responsibility to provide safe working environments, clear communication, adequate staffing, PPE, and support for nurses during pandemics and disasters.

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Public Appreciation for Healthcare Workers

Appreciation for healthcare workers during pandemics should be accompanied by specific actions that contribute to their well-being, such as providing childcare, eldercare, and support for family and relational responsibilities.

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Global Health Centralization

The concentration of power and decision-making in global health institutions and programs primarily located in high-income countries (HICs).

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Reciprocity in Grant Agreements

A principle that encourages equitable partnerships between funders and grantees, where both parties contribute and learn from each other.

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Vertical Programming

A funding approach that focuses on specific health interventions or conditions, often neglecting broader health system strengthening.

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Decentralization in Global Health

Shifting control and decision-making power from central institutions to local communities and organizations.

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Interrogating Global Health Values

Critically examining the assumptions, beliefs, and language underlying global health practices, seeking to identify and address colonial legacies.

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Colonial Legacies in Global Health

The enduring influence of historical colonization on health systems, contributing to inequalities and hindering health equity.

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Global Health Equity

A state where everyone, regardless of their location or background, has fair access to resources and opportunities to achieve optimal health.

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Pandemic Inequalities

The unequal access to resources and interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to a widening gap between the 'haves' and 'have-nots'.

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Upstream Approaches in Global Health

Interventions that address the root causes of health problems, focusing on social determinants of health.

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Ethical Standards in Global Health

The application of moral principles to global health practices, recognizing that cultural relativity plays a role in defining ethical boundaries.

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Social Justice and Health Equity

The idea that social factors that influence health are unjust and need to be addressed to achieve health equity.

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What is Health Equity?

A state where everyone has the opportunity to achieve their best health, regardless of their social position or background.

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BIPOC Nurses and Midwives

Historically marginalized groups, particularly Black, Indigenous, and People of Color, have faced systematic barriers in nursing and midwifery.

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Mary Seacole's Role

A Jamaican-born nurse who provided care during the Crimean War but was overshadowed by Florence Nightingale due to racism.

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Black Cross Nurses

A collective of Black women who provided care in the 1920s, often without formal nursing degrees, to address the needs of their communities.

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Jean Goodwill's Legacy

An Indigenous (Cree) nurse who became an advocate for Indigenous health and founded the Canadian Indigenous Nurses Association.

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Public Health: Definition

Organized societal efforts to promote health and prevent illness, injury, and premature death.

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Public Health's Scope

A wide range of programs, services, and policies to promote the health of Canadians, including sanitation, food safety, and disease control.

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PHAC's Creation

The Public Health Agency of Canada was established in 2004 in response to the SARS outbreak, improving public health preparedness.

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Public Health's Impact

Improvements in health are often attributed to public health interventions, not just the healthcare system.

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Public Health: Return on Investment

Investments in public health programs often generate significant savings in healthcare costs and improved productivity.

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Public Health's Purpose

To achieve optimal health and well-being for all Canadians, focusing on equitable outcomes.

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Public Health Functions

Essential areas of focus include health protection, surveillance, promotion, assessment, and disease prevention.

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Walkerton Crisis

E. coli contamination of drinking water due to negligence in a small town, highlighting the importance of proper infrastructure maintenance.

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Health Surveillance

The systematic collection and analysis of health data to track trends and predict health events.

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Health Promotion: Ethical Considerations

Promoting healthy behaviors raises ethical questions about individual freedom and the distribution of benefits.

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Ethical Challenges in Pandemic Nursing

Nurses face new and amplified ethical issues during pandemics, such as restrictions on family visits, access to palliative care, and addressing structural vulnerabilities.

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Culturally Safe Care for Indigenous Peoples

Nurses must respect Indigenous traditions and approaches to health, acknowledging historical inequities and mistrust in mainstream healthcare.

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Leadership in Pandemic Response

Leaders need to be visible, compassionate, and supportive of nurses, addressing their fears and providing practical help.

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Coloniality in Global Health

The pandemic has exposed existing inequalities and colonial practices in healthcare, creating conditions for further inequities and power imbalances.

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Decolonizing Ourselves

Individuals need to be aware of their own colonial biases, unlearning Western-centric perspectives and redistributing power.

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Effective Allyship

Allyship requires recognizing privilege and using influence to disrupt neocolonial practices and support marginalized communities.

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Addressing Privilege Responsibly

Addressing inequities requires focusing on both the needs of disadvantaged groups and the systems that created those disadvantages.

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Dismantling Oppressive Power

Those in positions of power need to actively disrupt and call out neocolonial practices, not solely relying on marginalized voices.

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Building Southern Networks

Strengthening collaborations within the global South, fostering research partnerships and empowering local expertise.

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Real Diversity and Inclusion

Global health organizations need to commit to genuine diversity, equity, and inclusion, addressing systemic racism and white supremacy.

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Localizing Funding Decisions

International donors need to prioritize funding projects that address local needs and empower local organizations.

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Pandemic's Ethical Significance

Pandemics magnify pre-existing ethical challenges, highlighting the need for equitable care, cultural sensitivity, and addressing systemic vulnerabilities

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Addressing Structural Vulnerability

Pandemic responses must consider how structural vulnerabilities impact health outcomes and access to care, such as poverty, discrimination, and lack of access to services

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Upholding Equity in Pandemic Response

Pandemic interventions should prioritize equity and address historical injustices, ensuring equitable access to resources, care, and support.

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What are the four pillars of emergency management?

Prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery are the essential elements of a comprehensive approach to managing emergencies.

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What is the ethical dilemma with scarce resources during a pandemic?

The ethical dilemma arises when limited resources, such as ventilators or medications, must be allocated fairly among patients with varying needs and risks.

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What are some ethical considerations for public health measures?

Ethical considerations include balancing the benefits of prevention and treatment against the potential negative health impacts and social implications of quarantine measures.

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Procedural considerations in disaster and pandemic planning

Processes like accountability, transparency, inclusiveness, responsiveness, and intersectionality are crucial for ethical and effective disaster and pandemic preparedness.

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Balancing duty and risk for healthcare professionals

A nurse's duty of care is not absolute, and employers have a reciprocal duty to protect and support their workers in dangerous situations.

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Moral courage in whistleblowing

Whistleblowing during a pandemic involves speaking out against wrongdoing despite potential risks to oneself or one's career, highlighting the importance of ethical principles and collective solidarity.

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Collateral impacts of the pandemic

The pandemic's effects extend beyond direct infections, including impacts on family violence, education, mental health, and equity.

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What are the ethical concerns around vaccine equity?

Patents create barriers to affordable access to vaccines and treatments, disproportionately harming low-income countries and individuals.

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Duties across nations during a pandemic

Ethical dilemmas arise when considering how to balance national interests with global obligations to address health disparities and historical inequalities.

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Power imbalances in global health research

Ethical challenges arise when there are power imbalances between researchers and participants, impacting informed consent and the distribution of benefits from research.

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What is the main ethical concern of pandemic preparedness?

The key ethical concern is ensuring equitable access to resources and services for all individuals and communities, regardless of their background or location.

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What are the risks of using cell phone data for pandemic control?

Ethical issues involve the potential for privacy violations and potential discrimination based on data collected for tracking purposes.

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What is the main ethical principle in resource allocation?

Justice and fairness are fundamental principles that guide resource allocation in disaster response, ensuring resources are distributed based on need rather than privilege.

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What is the ethical conflict with coercive restrictions?

Ethical dilemmas arise when implementing restrictive measures to control the spread of disease, balancing public health priorities with individual liberties.

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HIV Criminalization

The use of criminal laws to punish people living with HIV for actions related to their status, often for not disclosing their status to sexual partners.

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HIV Non-Disclosure Laws

Laws that criminalize the failure to disclose one's HIV status to sexual partners before engaging in potentially risky sexual activity.

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R. v. Cuerrier (1998)

A landmark Canadian Supreme Court case establishing a legal duty to disclose HIV status to sexual partners if there's a 'significant risk' of transmission.

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R. v. Mabior (2012)

A Supreme Court case that clarified the 'significant risk' requirement from Cuerrier, replacing it with a 'realistic possibility' of transmission.

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Suppressed Viral Load

A low level of HIV in the blood, often below 200 copies per mL, which makes it extremely difficult to transmit the virus.

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'Aggravated Sexual Assault'

A serious sexual assault charge that can be applied in cases of HIV non-disclosure, carrying a potential life sentence.

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Overcriminalization

The excessive use of criminal laws in situations where other approaches, like public health measures, might be more effective.

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HIV-Specific Criminal Laws

Laws specifically targeting individuals with HIV, often criminalizing actions related to their status, such as non-disclosure.

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General Criminal Laws

Laws that are not specifically about HIV, but can be used to charge individuals with HIV for certain actions.

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UNAIDS Position on HIV Criminalization

UNAIDS strongly condemns HIV criminalization, advocating for public health approaches over criminal justice responses.

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Duty to Disclose

The legal obligation to inform a sexual partner of one's HIV status if there's a 'realistic possibility' of transmission.

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Provincial Variations in HIV Law

Differences exist in how provinces and territories interpret and apply HIV criminalization laws, leading to inconsistencies in prosecution and sentencing.

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Impact of HIV Criminalization

HIV criminalization can lead to stigma, fear, discrimination, and barriers to accessing healthcare and support services for people living with HIV.

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Public Health Approach to HIV

Focuses on prevention, education, and access to healthcare and support services to reduce HIV transmission and improve the lives of people living with HIV.

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Advocacy for HIV Decriminalization

Efforts to change laws and policies that criminalize HIV, advocating for a more public health-centered approach.

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What is harm reduction?

A philosophy and set of programs that aims to prevent the harms of substance use, not necessarily reduce use itself.

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What are the key principles of harm reduction?

Harm reduction is practical, focuses on health and rights, involves people who use drugs, promotes human rights, uses a public health approach, is non-judgemental, and adapts to new situations.

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What is the 'Doctrine of Double Effect'?

A principle used to assess actions where a harmful side effect might occur, but the intended goal is beneficial (like pain relief).

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What is triage?

A system for prioritizing medical care based on the severity of a patient's condition.

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What are the two main approaches to triage?

Traditional triage prioritizes the most acute cases first, while utilitarian triage aims to save the most lives overall.

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Why is triage a complex ethical issue?

Triage forces difficult decisions about who gets care when resources are limited, often involving trade-offs and potentially leading to morally challenging situations.

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What are some of the key challenges faced by street nurses?

Street nurses encounter drug users who are treated poorly in hospitals, lack of access to shelter beds, and limited time to provide education.

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How does the 'Bevel Up' video illustrate harm reduction in action?

The video showcases a team of street nurses in Vancouver who provide harm reduction services, demonstrating the importance of meeting people where they are at and providing practical support.

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What is the role of solidarity in global health work?

Solidarity involves working alongside communities and advocating for marginalized groups, acknowledging shared struggles and fighting for social justice.

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What are some ways to get involved in global health work?

Joining student groups, participating in organizations like the IPGHC, seeking funding, engaging in political advocacy, and collaborating with local groups.

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What is 'Voluntourism'?

A type of travel combining volunteering with tourism, sometimes raising ethical questions about the impact on local communities.

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What does it mean to embrace humility in global health work?

It involves recognizing one's own limitations, engaging in life-long learning, and seeking direction from the host community.

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What is the importance of collective action in global health?

It amplifies the voices of marginalized groups, promoting equity and solidarity, and challenging systems of oppression.

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What are some of the marginalized groups often overlooked in global health discussions?

BIPOC, LGBTQ+, disabled people, immigrants, sex workers, incarcerated individuals, and other marginalized groups often face disproportionate health challenges.

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HIV Disclosure Barriers

Obstacles hindering HIV disclosure, including fear of social repercussions like job loss, family rejection, and discrimination. Confidentiality concerns and legal implications also contribute to anxiety surrounding disclosure.

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HIV Criminalization Impact

Laws that criminalize HIV exposure or non-disclosure can create fear and distrust, impacting access to healthcare, potentially leading to unsafe practices, and further stigmatizing individuals living with HIV.

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Nurses' Role in HIV Care

Nurses play a crucial role in providing compassionate and non-judgmental care to individuals with HIV while navigating the legal and social complexities surrounding the disease.

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Viral Load and Transmission

Understanding viral load is essential in HIV management. Lower viral load significantly reduces the risk of transmission, enabling individuals to live fulfilling lives with minimal risk to others.

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HIV Stigma and Discrimination

The stigmatization of HIV can lead to social isolation, discrimination, and delayed access to healthcare, exacerbating the impact of the disease on individuals and communities.

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Nursing Advocacy for Change

Nurses are advocates for individuals with HIV, promoting awareness, challenging stigma, and advocating for policies that protect their rights and ensure access to care.

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Moral Courage in Nursing

Nurses need to demonstrate courage in advocating for patients, challenging unjust policies, and promoting ethical practice, creating a safe space for vulnerable individuals.

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Historical Context of Healthcare

Understanding the historical evolution of healthcare practices is crucial to appreciate current challenges and ethical complexities faced by healthcare professionals.

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Ethical Frameworks in Nursing

Various philosophical frameworks guide ethical decision-making in nursing, including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, ensuring patient-centered care.

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Nursing as Expertise

Nurses are experts in their field, providing direct patient care, education, and advocacy, requiring recognition and empowerment beyond traditional 'angel' stereotypes.

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Study Notes

Autonomy

  • Autonomy requires preferences, reflection on those preferences, and assessment of their validity
  • A free choice is insufficient, it must be justifiable
  • Paternalism prioritizes beneficence over patient wishes. It may be justified if the patient lacks the capacity to manage their well-being.
  • Paternalism is controversial; patients may be considered competent only when agreeing with medical professionals.
  • Coercion (using authority to override choices) is a concern in mental healthcare.
  • Infantilization (treating the patient like a child) is also unethical.

Dignity

  • Dignity and autonomy are linked, where a person's ability to act autonomously gives them human dignity.
  • Failing to respect autonomy is also a failure to respect dignity.
  • Individual autonomy vs. another potential view of dignity as an objective standard is presented, where some actions are outside of individual experience but remain under cultural considerations.
  • Cultural norms influence perspectives of dignity and often conflict with autonomy.

Consequentialism vs. Deontology

  • Consequentialism evaluates morality based solely on outcomes.
  • Deontology believes certain actions are inherently wrong.

Being a Good Nurse

  • Applying the four ethical principles (autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice) requires wisdom and courage.
  • Virtue ethics involves professional wisdom and moral imagination to improve ethical responses in challenging situations.
  • Courageous action aligns with perceived right and requires practice.
  • Compassion and an ethics of care are needed; empathy, responsiveness and relationships are important aspects.

Trauma-Informed Care (TVIC)

  • Trauma is an overwhelming negative event/series of events and results in a response altering brain and nervous system functioning. It may be long-lasting.
  • TVIC addresses the interplay of interpersonal and systemic violence, structural inequities in a person’s life and broader social conditions affecting health.
  • TVIC expands on TIC by accounting for systemic and interpersonal violence, and structural inequities.
  • It emphasizes the need to examine assumptions, and prioritize a place of humility and humanity.

Mental Health Ethics

  • Resource allocation often prioritizes physical needs over psychosocial ones in mental healthcare.
  • Deinstitutionalization (1960s-70s) shifted mental healthcare to community-based models.
  • Issues of competency, consent, coercion (forced treatment), and confidentiality are common challenges.
  • Stigma negatively affects access to resources.
  • Stigma and violence are connected concerns in mental health (false perception that mental illness causes violence).
  • Mental illness is common in Canada, with many not having access to care.

Mental Illness and the Law

  • Legal frameworks, including human rights, have ethical considerations related to coercion, confinement, and privacy. These laws in some cases conflict.
  • Quebec has specific legislation relating to individuals and their care.
  • Nurse purview includes restraints and other exceptional circumstances.
  • Nurses have ethical concerns with coercion. These involve forced admission, refusal of care, moral implications of illness, power imbalances, differing treatment modalities, and moral distress.

Coercion and Power in Mental Health

  • Coercion exists on a spectrum, including formal, informal, and perceived forms.
  • Power and control can be used to manipulate a person.
  • This includes intimidation and inducement to obtain compliance.

Nursing and Healthcare

  • Nurses in general medical and mental health settings perceive fear, blame and hostility toward patients. This may be linked to specific perceptions and attitudes that exist towards patients with mental illnesses.
  • There is a lack of dignity and caring for some patients in healthcare environments.

AI and Health

  • AI in healthcare has potential benefits for early detection, diagnosis, research.
  • Generative AI has the potential for creating new content, like virtual chatbots, and assist in specific areas of healthcare and educational settings.
  • However, there exist concerns regarding biases and equity, access, privacy and applicability in the context of oppression.

Teaching and Learning

  • AI is helpful in explaining complex concepts and generating scenarios for better application.
  • AI is not ethical for cheating or copying work since this breaches academic integrity.
  • The risks of cognitive unloading (relying on AI for thought processes) can exist.

Public Health Ethics

  • Public health ethics focuses on collective action to safeguard and enhance community health.
  • Public health ethics differs from clinical ethics, which often prioritizes individual autonomy.
  • Key public health principles include harm reduction, least restrictive measures, reciprocity, and transparency.
  • Ethical frameworks such as consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics apply but must be tailored to the public health sector.

Public Health Cases

  • Public health often involves balancing collective vs. individual needs;
  • Public health involves understanding and responding to social determinants of health.
  • Issues of resource allocation, vulnerability, and distributive justice are common ethical considerations in public health (e.g., vaccinations, climate change).

Harm Reduction and Substance Use

  • Harm reduction prioritizes preventing harm from substance use without requiring abstinence.
  • Key principles include pragmatism, evidence-based practices, human rights, and a non-judgmental approach.

HIV Criminalization

  • Criminalization of HIV non-disclosure is a significant ethical issue.
  • It often disproportionately affects marginalized groups.
  • Advocacy, social justice, and a shared responsibility for prevention are critical.

Disaster and Pandemic Ethics

  • Disaster planning requires a focus on prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery.
  • Ethical issues in pandemic planning involve resource allocation, coercion, and inter-country obligations.
  • Nurses' roles and ethical considerations in disasters include balancing duty and risk, preserving dignity, and considering vulnerability.
  • Data collection and surveillance issues in disasters raise ethical questions, especially regarding privacy and autonomy.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of autonomy and paternalism in healthcare ethics. It examines common beliefs about autonomy, the relational view of decision-making, and the implications of violating patient autonomy. Test your understanding of these crucial ethical principles!

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