Medical Conditions and Symptoms Quiz

Osteoarthritis (OA)

• Articular cartilage loss, osteophytes, and joint space narrowing
• Hypertrophy of articular processes and ligamentum flavum bulging
• Common sites: knee, hand, hip
• Symptoms: stiffness, pain, grinding, swelling

Cervical Spine (Csp)

• Osteoarthritis: headaches, unilateral radiculopathy
• Herniation: neck and arm pain, paresthesias (C5, 6, 7)
• Stenosis: neck pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, decreased balance and function; alleviated by leaning forward or sitting
• Facet syndrome: neck pain, stiffness, radiculopathy, headaches

Thoracic Spine (Tsp)

• Osteoarthritis: radiculopathy
• Herniation: chest wall, epigastric, and arm pain; sometimes groin and lower extremity pain
• Stenosis:
• Facet syndrome:

Lumbar Spine (Lsp)

• Osteoarthritis: Neurogenic claudication - low back pain (LBP), numbness, and weakness aggravated by standing and walking
• Herniation: LBP
• Stenosis: Heavy feeling in legs, cramping, worse with standing and walking
• Facet syndrome: LBP, stiffness, radiculopathy

Sacroiliac Joint (SIJ)

• Osteoarthritis:
• Herniation:
• Stenosis:
• Facet syndrome:

Hip

• Osteoarthritis: Groin pain
• Herniation:
• Stenosis:
• Facet syndrome:

Tibiofemoral Joint

• Osteoarthritis: Pain with walking, stairs, standing, and weight bearing
• Herniation:
• Stenosis:
• Facet syndrome:

Patellofemoral Joint

• Osteoarthritis: Bending pain, compression pain, reduced quad strength, pain under or around knee
• Herniation:
• Stenosis:
• Facet syndrome:

Ankle

• Osteoarthritis:
• Herniation:
• Stenosis:
• Facet syndrome:

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint

• Osteoarthritis:
• Herniation:
• Stenosis:
• Facet syndrome:

Glenohumeral (GH) Joint

• Osteoarthritis:
• Herniation:
• Stenosis:
• Facet syndrome:

Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint

• Osteoarthritis:
• Herniation:
• Stenosis:
• Facet syndrome:

Radioulnar Joint

• Osteoarthritis:
• Herniation:
• Stenosis:
• Facet syndrome:

Radiocarpal Joint

• Osteoarthritis:
• Herniation:
• Stenosis:
• Facet syndrome:

Carpometacarpal Joint

• Osteoarthritis:
• Herniation:
• Stenosis:
• Facet syndrome:

Herniation

• Spurling's test and distraction test are positive
• Pain worse in flexion
• Central herniation leads to myelopathy
• Lateral herniation leads to radiculopathy

Stenosis

• Caused by OA, disc disease, spinal cysts, fractures, and tumors
• Csp: Neck pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, decreased balance and function; alleviated by leaning forward or sitting
• Lsp: Heavy feeling in legs, cramping, worse with standing and walking

Facet Syndrome

• Positive Spurling's and Distraction tests, Kemp's test
• Can be caused by spondylitis, spondylosis, microtrauma, or trauma
• Pain worse with extension and sidebending/rotation

Radiculopathy

• Symptoms: sensory loss, pain, and weakness
• C5: Shoulder, abduction weakness
• C6: Arm, elbow flexion, wrist extension weakness
• C7: Down arm, elbow extension, wrist flexion weakness
• C8: Lower arm, finger grip, thumb extension weakness
• T1: Medial arm and forearm, thumb abduction weakness
• T: Torso, weak intercostal muscles
• L1: Groin, flexion weakness
• L2: Anterior thigh, flexion and adduction weakness
• L3: Thigh, weak knee extension and dorsiflexion
• L4: Thigh and medial leg, weak toe extension, medial leg and foot weakness
• L5: Lateral leg, dorsum of foot weakness
• S1: Posterior leg, plantar flexion weakness, lateral foot weakness
• S2: Posterior leg, weak knee flexion, posterior thigh and medial leg weakness
• S3-5: Perineum, bladder, weak pelvic floor muscles

Myelopathy

• Upper motor neuron (UMN) signs: spasticity, hyperreflexia, Babinski's sign, weakness

Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency (VBI)

• Symptoms: dizziness, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), diplopia (double vision), dysarthria (difficulty speaking), drop attacks, nausea, nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), numbness, ataxia (lack of coordination)

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

• Autoimmune inflammatory disease where antibodies attack the synovium
• Smaller joints are affected first (hands then knees)
• Symptoms: swelling, stiffness, warmth, muscle wasting, bilateral involvement

Ankylosing Spondylitis

• Characterized by synovitis, fibro-osseous inflammation, and ossification of the annulus fibrosis

Spondylolisthesis

• Five grades based on severity, with causes including congenital, spondylolysis, degenerative, traumatic, pathological, and post-surgical
• Symptoms: pain, radiculopathy, numbness, weakness, stiffness, postural changes
• Physical exam: Step-off deformity, hamstring tightness, muscle spasms

Tendinopathy

• Can be caused by overuse, age, diabetes, posture, and alignment issues
• Tendinitis: Acute inflammation
• Tendinosis: Degeneration
• Insertional tendinopathy: Localized to tendon insertion
• Non-insertional tendinopathy: Diffuse along the tendon
• Symptoms: slow onset, pain increases with activity, stiffness, swelling, tenderness, crepitus, weakness
• Patellar tendinopathy: Pain and weakness with knee extension
• Weakness without pain might indicate nerve or muscle involvement

Calcific Tendinopathy

• Most commonly affects the supraspinatus tendon
• Sudden onset, constant and severe pain
• Symptoms: Sharp/burning pain in the front/top of the shoulder, night pain, sporadic patterns

Degenerative Scoliosis

• Symptoms: Pain, radiculopathy, postural changes, fatigue, muscle imbalance, decreased range of motion (ROM), migraines

Lumbar Spine (LS) Strain

• Graded 1-3 based on severity

Sacroiliac Joint (SIJ) Dysfunction

• Causes: trauma, repetitive stress, posture, pelvic instability
• Aggravated by flexion and side bending

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)

• Vascular TOS: Subclavian artery involvement, symptoms: swelling, discoloration, coldness, pain/cramping with activity, blood clots
• Neurogenic TOS (95%): Nerve involvement, symptoms: numbness, tingling, weakness, pain, muscle wasting
• Causes: Csp rib, posture, trauma, pregnancy, repetitive trauma

Intercostal Neuralgia

• Caused by rib compression during inhalation
• Symptoms: radiculopathy, numbness, tingling, decreased appetite

Tietze Syndrome

• Inflammation at the costochondral junction
• Symptoms: Pain with inhalation, shortness of breath (SOB), decreased rotation and sidebending

Precordial Catch Syndrome

• Caused by chest nerve compression due to pleura irritation
• Symptoms: Pain between the 6th and 12th ribs, below the nipple

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

• Reactivation of dormant varicella zoster virus
• Symptoms: Maculopapular rash

Costovertebral Joint Syndrome

• Derangement or partial dislocation of the costovertebral joint

Post-Herpetic Neuralgia

• Pain lasting longer than 3 months after shingles
• Symptoms: Hyperalgesia (increased sensitivity to pain), allodynia (pain from non-painful stimuli), burning, itching, unilateral

Pancreatitis

• Often triggered by gallstones and alcohol
• Symptoms: Abdominal pain, vomiting, which can lead to organ failure

Osteitis Pubis

• Overuse injury, pain in the anterior/medial groin
• Pain worsens with activity

Iliopsoas Bursitis

• Affects the anterior hip, symptoms include snapping, pain with extending the leg, possible radicular pain due to femoral nerve entrapment

Ischiogluteal Bursitis

• Pain related to prolonged sitting, possible radiation of pain

Trochanteric Bursitis

• Affects the greater trochanter, pain worsens when lying on the affected side

Meralgia Paresthetica

• Compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve by the inguinal ligament
• Risk factors: obesity, diabetes, older age
• Symptoms: Dysesthesia (abnormal sensation), pain, numbness, tingling

Coccydynia

• Abnormal mobility of the coccyx leads to inflammation and degeneration
• Aggravated by pregnancy

Piriformis Syndrome

Gluteal Tendinopathy

• Pain localized around the greater trochanter

Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)

• Head of the femur pinches on the socket and labrum
• Types:
  • WoPINCER:
  • MeCAM
• Symptoms: Groin pain, pain after activity, stiffness

Iliotibial (IT) Band Syndrome

• Often triggered by running on hills
• Tightness and pain between Gerdy's tubercle and the lateral epicondyle
• Varum or valgus alignment can contribute
• Pain at rest and can lead to patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)

Knee

Meniscal Tear

• Bucket-handle tear: The most serious type, characterized by locking of the knee

Meniscal Cyst (Usually Lateral)

• Often the result of trauma

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS)

• Dull ache, generalized pain around the kneecap
• Cinema sign: Pain with prolonged sitting

Osteochondritis Dissecans

• Avascular fragment of bone under cartilage separates
• Most common in ages 15-20
• Symptoms: Giving away sensation, locking, tender condyle, quadriceps wasting
• Can affect the patella and talus

Chondromalacia

• Caused by stress, malalignment, trauma, wear and tear, muscle imbalance, and obesity
• Localized, sharp pain
• Breakdown of hyaline cartilage in the trochlear groove
• Other factors: Abnormal patellar shape, malalignment, dislocation, weak vastus medialis muscle
• Symptoms: Anterior knee pain, quadriceps wasting, pain aggravated by climbing stairs, cinema sign, crepitus

Pes Anserine Bursitis

• Pain located medially, just below the joint line
• Sharp or aching pain, worse with activity, tenderness, swelling
• Aggravated by flexion and extension, night pain
• Less commonly, a catching sensation

Patellar Maltracking

• Imbalance between the patella and trochlea, leading to cartilage loss and osteoarthritis
• Contributing factors: Weak vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) muscle, instability, dislocations, genu valgum, patella alta, anteversion, dysplastic patella
• Symptoms: Anterior knee pain, sharp pain, worse with activity

Infrapatellar Fat Pad Syndrome

• Pain located inferior to the patella
• Symptoms: Swelling, tenderness, pain worsens with activity, night pain
• HOFFA's test: Pressure applied to the infrapatellar fat pad while the patient extends their leg from a seated position 90 degrees

Plantar Fat Pad Syndrome

• Pain under the heel

Ligament Strain

• Lateral:
• Medial:
• Anterior:
• Posterior:

Anterior Knee

• Prepatellar Bursitis: Often seen in carpet layers
• Infrapatellar Bursitis:

Posterior Knee

• Semimembranosus Bursa:
• Popliteal/Baker's Cyst:
• Popliteal Aneurysm:

Lateral Knee

• Meniscal Cyst:

Medial Knee

• Calcification of the Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL):

Synovial Chondromatosis

• Cartilaginous nodules form within the synovium and detach
• Symptoms: Deep, aching, intermittent, and progressive pain, locking, catching, instability, swelling, crepitus

Ankle

Tendinopathy

• Insertional: Localized to the tendon insertion
• Non-insertional: Diffuse along the tendon

Tendon Rupture

• Achilles:
• Tibialis Posterior:
• Tibialis Anterior:

Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL) Sprain

Calcaneofibular Ligament (CFL) Sprain

Retrocalcaneal Bursitis

Calcaneal Bursitis

Metatarsalgia

Plantar Fasciitis

Interdigital Neuritis

Gout

• Triggered by diet and alcohol, leading to high uric acid levels
• Treatment: Allopurinol

Pseudogout

• Caused by calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystals

Tendinitis

• Achilles Tendinitis:
• Biceps Tendinitis:
• Supraspinatus Tendinitis:
• Calcific Tendinitis: More sudden onset, night pain

Tenosynovitis

• Ankle:
• Wrist:

Avascular Necrosis of the Talus

Sesamoiditis

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

• Compression of the posterior tibial nerve

Freiberg's Infraction

Stress Fracture

Shoulder

Subacromial Impingement

• Bursitis:
• Tendinitis:

Rotator Cuff Tear

• Sudden, sharp onset followed by dull pain that worsens with activity

Biceps Tear

• Long head pathology: Commonly related to shoulder flexion
• Short head pathology: Commonly related to elbow flexion and supination

Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)

• Characterized by a contracted joint capsule
• Risk factors: Diabetes, immobility, thyroid disease, autoimmune disorders
• Stages:
  • Inflammatory: Onset of pain and increasing stiffness (2-9 months)
  • Adhesive: Stiffness, pain may decrease (4-12 months)
  • Resolution: Slow improvement (5-26 months)

Shoulder Instability

• Anterior instability: Most common type
• Aggravated by throwing or lifting
• Symptoms: Instability, weakness, dislocation, pain with specific movements

Capsular Tears

• Can be caused by trauma or degeneration
• Symptoms: Instability, weakness, dislocation, pain with specific movements

Capsular Contracture

• Abnormal shortening or tightening of the joint capsule
• Can occur after injury or immobility due to scar tissue formation
• Symptoms: Limitation in overhead activities, external rotation, and abduction

Glenohumeral Ligament

• Superior glenohumeral ligament (SGHL): Anterior instability, external rotation
• Middle glenohumeral ligament (MGHL): Anterior dislocation, mid-range motion
• Inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL): Abduction and external rotation; traumatic anterior dislocations
• Aggravated by overhead activities and throwing
• Symptoms: Pain, instability

Transverse Ligament

• Decompression of the ulna

SLAP Tear

• Four grades based on the extent of biceps tendon involvement
• Symptoms: Pain that may radiate, clicking, popping, instability, weakness, night pain
• Clunk, crank, and speed's test: May be positive

Epicondylitis

• Degenerative tendon aponeurosis
• Lateral epicondylitis: Affects the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon
• Medial epicondylitis: Affects the flexor carpi radialis and pronator teres tendons

Olecranon Bursitis

• Caused by repetitive trauma, direct trauma, RA, or gout
• Pain with flexion
• Swelling on the dorsal side of the elbow

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

• Compression of the median nerve
• Risk factors: Menopause, pregnancy, RA
• Symptoms: Night pain, numbness, tingling
• Flexor retinaculum and carpals are the usual sites of compression.

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome

• Compression of thee ulnar nerve
• Sites of compression:
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle:
  • Olecranon:
  • Osborne ligament:
  • Medial epicondyle:
• Guyon's canal: Another common site of ulnar nerve compression

Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) Tear

Ulnocarpal Impaction Syndrome

Ganglion Cyst

Dupuytren's Contracture

• Nodules form in the palm, progressing to cords, leading to contracture
• Symptoms: Inability to straighten fingers, difficulty with daily tasks, progressive

Diabetes

• High glucose levels lead to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which affect tendons, ligaments, and cartilage, reducing elasticity
• Microvascular damage restricts blood flow and healing
• Neuropathy is common
• Chronic inflammation
• Symptoms: Frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight loss, hunger, blurry vision, numbness, tingling, fatigue, dry skin, slow-healing sores, frequent infections
• Musculoskeletal complications: Adhesive capsulitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, Dupuytren's contracture, OA, osteoporosis, plantar fasciitis, bone spurs, gout, peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

• Key features:
  • Symptoms related to defecation
  • Changes in stool frequency
  • Alterations in stool appearance
• Duration: Symptoms must be present for at least 6 months
• Abdominal pain must be present 1 day per week in the last 3 months

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

• Wells criteria used to assess risk:
  • Previous DVT
  • Active cancer
  • Immobilization
  • Bedridden for 3 or more days
  • Tenderness
  • Leg swelling
  • Calf swelling 3cm greater than the other leg
  • Non-varicose veins

Anemia

• Iron-deficiency anemia: Commonly caused by gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding or NSAID use
• Anemia in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and lupus: Due to chronic inflammation
• Neurologic anemia (pernicious anemia): Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Infectious anemia:
• Symptoms: Shortness of breath (SOB), fatigue, pale hands, brittle and concave nails

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

• A broad term encompassing all peripheral arteries and veins
• Peripheral artery disease (PAD): Narrowing or blockage of arteries, commonly affecting the legs
• PAD symptoms: Pain with activity (intermittent claudication), cold extremities, weak pulses, non-healing sores
• PVD symptoms: Swelling, varicose veins, skin changes, pain while standing, heaviness in legs, ankle ulcers

Contracture

• Permanent shortening or tightening of muscles, ligaments, or joint capsules
• Caused by immobility, scarring, neurological conditions, or trauma
• Example: Dupuytren's contracture

Fibrosis

• Excessive fibrous tissue formation
• Causes: Chronic inflammation, trauma, repetitive stress, immobilization, systemic conditions

Densification

• Thickened and rigid fascia
• Causes: Chronic inflammation, repetitive stress, posture, immobility
• Symptoms: Heaviness or tightness, muscular tension, discomfort with movement

Pain Above L4

• Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA): Pulsatile abdominal mass, bruit (abnormal heart sound), abdominal or back pain, syncope (fainting), pain radiating to the legs
• Femoral nerve compression (L2-3): Anterior thigh pain, knee extension weakness, decreased plantar reflex, numbness, and tingling
• Abdominal cancer: Weight and appetite loss, abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, fatigue, malaise, jaundice (yellowing), ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen)
• Inguinal hernia: Groin bulge, fever, nausea, sharp pain, ache, burning
• Pelvic hematoma: Bruising, swelling, difficulty flexing the hip, rapid pulse, low blood pressure, dizziness, blood in urine/stool, possible nerve weakness or numbness

Pins and Needles

• 12VLS.SSSSHMMAGDK:
  • 12: 12th cranial nerve palsy (hypoglossal)
  • V: Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
  • L: Lumbosacral radiculopathy
  • S: Stroke/TIA
  • SS: Spinal stenosis
  • SH: Shingles
  • MM: Multiple sclerosis (MS)
  • A: Alcohol neuropathy
  • G: GBS
  • D: Diabetes
  • K: Kidney disease

Other

• Stroke/TIA: Facial, speech, and visual changes, paralysis, weakness (upper extremity), headache
• MS: Lhermitte's sign (electric shock sensation in the back with neck flexion), optic neuritis, pain, numbness, weakness, fatigue, coordination problems, ataxia, spasms, cramping, urinary urgency, memory problems, Horner's syndrome
• Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS): Ascending paresthesia and weakness, onset 2-3 weeks after an infection, can lead to respiratory involvement
• Spinal cord compression: Bilateral symptoms, gait changes, bowel and bladder dysfunction
• PAD/vascular disease: Decreased pulses, coldness, intermittent claudication
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Skin and joint manifestations, butterfly rash
• Kidney disease: Swelling, appetite loss, urinary frequency (especially at night), confusion, nausea
• Peripheral neuropathy: Can be caused by alcohol, vitamin B12 deficiency, shingles, diabetes
• Diabetes: Increased thirst, increased urinary frequency, weight loss, hunger, blurry vision
• Vitamin B12 deficiency: Fatigue, weakness, appetite loss, dizziness, SOB, memory problems, confusion, GI issues
• Chronic alcohol use: Nerve damage
• Cervical myelopathy: Spinal cord compression, upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron (UMN & LMN) signs, wasting, pain, numbness, tingling; symptoms develop gradually
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): UMN and LMN signs
• Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS): UMN signs
• Untreated hypothyroidism:
• Myasthenia gravis: (Less likely) Proximal weakness, facial weakness, diplopia, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), dysarthria (difficulty speaking)

Test your knowledge on various medical conditions and their associated symptoms. This quiz explores topics including fibrous layer pain, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, diabetes complications, and more. Perfect for students in medical or health-related fields!