Questions and Answers
Who is the author of Medical Apartheid?
Harriet A. Washington
Who was the painter that provided the benevolent image of James Marion Sims?
Robert Thom
Which pharmaceutical company holds the copyright on the famous image of James Marion Sims?
Pfizer Inc.
What is the name of the enslaved African female in the famous image of James Marion Sims?
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Between 1963-1993, the number of African Americans diagnosed with diabetes increased by how many times?
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What percentage of HIV infections in the U.S. are among African Americans?
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What percentage of African-American children are infected with HIV?
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By what percentage has the suicide rate of Black young men increased over the past 20 years?
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The involuntary sterilization of women in the South was known as what?
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When did anesthesia become readily available?
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What was the common medicine for malingering slaves?
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What is a scientist who studies different groups of men called?
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Who is the author of 'Crania Americana'?
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Who authored 'The Diseases and Physical Peculiarities of the Negro Race'?
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What is Drapetomania?
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What is the term for the condition of eating dirt that is also known as Cachexia Africana?
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What is Struma Africana?
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What does Hebetude refer to?
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Who is the author of 'Types of Mankind'?
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What percentage of Sub-Saharan Africans are 'Duffy Negative'?
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Every year from 1750 until emancipation, one out of how many Black women gave birth?
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What is the term for the fear of medical care?
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Who was the doctor who pioneered eye surgery?
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What is the name of the African female that Sims used to try to cure vesicovaginal fistula?
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Dr. Francois Marie Prevost used enslaved African women to perfect what procedure?
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Who was the enslaved African who helped save the city of Boston from smallpox?
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What was one of the first exhibits in the New York Zoo?
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Who is known as the Venus Hottentot?
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Who was George Washington's nurse maid?
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Who are the two headed Siamese twins?
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Who was a black mathematical prodigy?
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What is the name of the African slave whose jaw was cut open by J. Marion Sims?
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Who was a black physician who constantly defended the human rights of African Americans?
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Who was this African-American who vanished and then resurfaced at the Howard morgue?
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What was Grandison Harris known as?
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One out of how many Blacks in the North were diagnosed as insane?
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Who commissioned the infamous Tuskegee Study?
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Who was the young man who exposed the syphilis study?
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Who was the founder of Planned Parenthood?
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Who was the journalist that began the idea that there were 'crack babies'?
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Who was this African-American who fled a circus and tried to have his surgically implanted horns removed?
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What number of distinguishable black characteristics did Dr. J.H. Guenebault list?
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The skeleton of which African American woman is on display at the Georgia Medical College?
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Who was the doctor that inspired the 'movie' Black Stork?
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Who was the first person implanted with an experimental AbioCor artificial heart?
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Who was the second person implanted with an experimental AbioCor artificial heart?
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Who was the former head of South Africa's chemical and biological weapons program?
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Who was one of many prison research survivors?
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Which African American was given 4.7 micrograms of plutonium without his consent?
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How much money was offered to crack addicted African American men and women to be sterilized?
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In which city was the Laurence G. Pauqin Middle School, where Norplant was first tested, located?
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Study Notes
Medical Apartheid Overview
- Author: Harriet A. Washington
- Key Figure: James Marion Sims; his image was painted by Robert Thom and is held under copyright by Pfizer Inc.
Historical Context
- Enslaved Individuals: Notable enslaved women include Betsey and Anarcha, who were subjects of Sims’ medical experiments.
- Disease Statistics: Between 1963-1993, diabetes diagnoses among African Americans tripled, while they represent 49% of HIV infections, with 86% of infected children being African American.
Socioeconomic and Mental Health Issues
- Suicide rates among Black young men increased by 200% over the past two decades.
- "Mississippi appendectomy" referred to the involuntary sterilization of women in the South, reflecting systemic abuse.
Medical Advancements and Practices
- Anesthesia became widely available in the late 1830s, changing surgical practices.
- “Drapetomania,” diagnosed by Samuel A. Cartwright, was a mental illness attributed to enslaved individuals attempting to escape.
Scientific Racism and Misdiagnosis
- Noteworthy pseudoscientific publications include "Crania Americana" by Samuel George Morton and "Types of Mankind" by Dr. Josiah Nott.
- Struma Africana was misdiagnosed as a uniquely African disease, part of a larger trend of mistreatment based on race.
Noteworthy Historical Figures
- Onesimus, an enslaved African, famously contributed to smallpox prevention in Boston.
- Dr. James Dugas pioneered eye surgery, while Dr. Francois Marie Prevost utilized enslaved women for cesarean section procedures.
Medical Ethnology and Exploitation
- Ethnologist studies and terms like "Iatrophobia" reflect the medical mistreatment and fear experienced by African Americans.
- Display and exhibits of humans, including the "Venus Hottentot" Saartjie Baartman and Joice Heth, indicate exploitation in historical medical practices.
Experiments and Ethical Violations
- The infamous Tuskegee Study was commissioned by Dr. Taliaferro Clark, with Peter Buxtun revealing ethical violations in medical studies involving African Americans.
- Margaret Sanger founded Planned Parenthood amid concerns over reproductive rights, highlighting the historical context of control over African Americans’ health.
Chemical Experimentation and Institutional Racism
- Individuals like Ebb Cade received plutonium injections without consent, representing unethical treatment in medical research.
- In Baltimore, the Laurence G. Pauqin Middle School was the site of initial Norplant testing, reflecting racial disparities in medical trials.
Significant Data Points
- 95% of Sub-Saharan Africans are "Duffy Negative", a specific genetic marker of interest.
- Notably, one in five Black women gave birth annually from 1750 until emancipation, showcasing historical reproductive patterns.
Exploitation in Media and Literature
- Charles Krauthammer perpetuated the narrative surrounding "crack babies" that reflected societal prejudices.
- Fictional representations, such as those inspired by Dr. Harry J. Haiselden, shaped public understanding of medical ethics.
Legacy and Continued Impact
- The legacy of medical exploitation extends to stories like that of Casper Yeagin, who vanished and reappeared at the Howard morgue, illustrating systemic failures in care and recognition of agency.
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Description
Explore the complexities of medical ethics and historical exploitation detailed in Harriet A. Washington's 'Medical Apartheid.' This quiz delves into the experiences of enslaved individuals in medical experimentation, socioeconomic issues, and the significance of medical advancements in the context of race. Engage with critical questions that highlight systemic injustices in healthcare.
