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Questions and Answers
What effect does collecting a fluoride tube before an EDTA tube have?
What effect does collecting a fluoride tube before an EDTA tube have?
Which of the following factors is NOT a cause of hemolysis during blood sampling?
Which of the following factors is NOT a cause of hemolysis during blood sampling?
What is the primary role of EDTA in a blood sample?
What is the primary role of EDTA in a blood sample?
During hematopoiesis, what do hemocytoblasts develop into?
During hematopoiesis, what do hemocytoblasts develop into?
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What is the pH range of plasma considered to be normal?
What is the pH range of plasma considered to be normal?
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What is the viscosity of whole blood compared to plasma?
What is the viscosity of whole blood compared to plasma?
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Which statement best describes the function of blood in maintaining body temperature?
Which statement best describes the function of blood in maintaining body temperature?
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What is a common characteristic of icteric serum?
What is a common characteristic of icteric serum?
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What blood component is primarily responsible for defense functions in the body?
What blood component is primarily responsible for defense functions in the body?
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What is a consequence of vigorously shaking a blood sample during transportation?
What is a consequence of vigorously shaking a blood sample during transportation?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Medical Analysis
- Medical analysis specialists play a critical role in healthcare.
- The workflow involves the journey from test requisition to results being returned to the physician.
Laboratory Errors
- Errors can occur at any stage of the laboratory workflow.
- Attention to detail in each phase can minimize errors.
Laboratory Workflow Stages
-
Pre-analytical Phase:
- Involves test ordering, patient data recording, specimen collection, and transport.
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Analytical Phase:
- Focuses on specimen processing, reagent preparation, and performing tests.
-
Post-analytical Phase:
- Includes interpreting and reporting results accurately.
Pre-Analytical Phase
- Essential practices:
- Accurately read request forms and deal with one patient at a time.
- Collect relevant patient medication history (e.g., diabetes, coagulation issues).
- Ensure correct samples before the patient leaves the laboratory.
Analytical Phase
- Enhancing quality:
- Education and training for laboratory personnel are vital.
- Labs should have standard operating procedures and use quality chemicals.
- Quality control (both internal and external) is crucial for reliability.
Internal vs. External Quality Control
- Internal Quality Control: Monitors daily precision and accuracy.
- External Quality Control: Maintains long-term accuracy.
Post-Analytical Phase
- Processes include:
- Recording results and ensuring accuracy before reporting.
- Repeating tests if results are unexpected or samples are in doubt.
Laboratory Divisions
- Main divisions include:
- Hematology
- Clinical Chemistry
- Microbiology
- Immunology
- Molecular Biology and Virology
- Histopathology
Sampling Techniques
- Various sampling methods include:
- Blood, urine, stool, sputum, semen, swabs (throat, nasal, eye, wound), and various biological fluids like cerebrospinal fluid.
Blood Sampling Techniques
- Vein Selection: Median cubital vein preferred for ease and flow.
- Disinfection: Use 70% alcohol, allowing to dry to prevent hemolysis.
- Tourniquet Application: 2-3 inches above the site.
Types of Blood Collection Tubes
- Plasma Separating Tubes (PST): Contain additives like EDTA or sodium citrate; used for various tests.
- Serum Separating Tubes (SST): Contain gel or silicon at the bottom for serum collection.
Plasma vs. Serum
- Plasma includes fibrinogen; serum does not.
- Plasma = Serum + Fibrinogen
Common Additives in Blood Tubes
- EDTA: Strong anti-coagulant, used in hematology.
- Sodium Citrate: Used for coagulation tests.
- Heparin: Inhibits thrombin in the coagulation cascade.
- Sodium Fluoride: Prevents glycolysis, used in glucose testing.
Preanalytic Interference in Samples
- Common issues:
- Hemolysis: Caused by improper technique or temperature extremes.
- Icteric Samples: Yellowing due to high bilirubin levels.
- Lipemic Samples: Milky appearance due to high triglycerides.
Functions of Blood
- Vital functions include:
- Substance exchange, transportation of nutrients, buffering, thermoregulation, hemostasis, and defense mechanisms.
Hematopoiesis
- Formation of blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow.
- Stem cells (hemocytoblasts) differentiate into various blood components.
Viscosity and pH of Blood
- Plasma viscosity is 1.2-1.3 times that of water.
- Whole blood viscosity is 2.4 times that of plasma.
- Plasma pH ranges between 7.35 and 7.45, essential for normal body function.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of medical analysis in this introductory lecture presented by Dr. Kareman Elsaid Elabd. Learn about laboratory errors, essential laboratory units, and the importance of safety and workflow in medical testing.
