Media, Globalisation and Popular Culture
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Questions and Answers

According to the Frankfurt School Marxists, what is the primary motivation behind the mass production of Globalised Popular Culture?

  • To generate financial profit for global media businesses. (correct)
  • To educate the masses on important social issues.
  • To provide a wide range of diverse and critical products.
  • To promote cultural exchange and understanding.

Thussu argues that global infotainment focuses on serious matters of concern rather than celebrities, crime, and violence.

False (B)

What term does Skair use to describe the cultural ideology promoted by global media that encourages acceptance of Western capitalism?

the cultural ideology of consumerism

Marcuse argues that popular culture serves as an ______ product aimed at distracting poorer groups from their inequality and exploitation.

<p>ideological</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concept with its description:

<p>Commodity fetishism = The belief that products give special powers and enhance life. False needs = The idea that advertising generates a need for a product, even if it's unnecessary. Infotainment = News programs presented in an entertaining format. Global Popular Culture = Cultural products and media content shared across many countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Strinati, what impact have media-based creative industries had on cultural consumption?

<p>They have made a wide range of media and cultural products available, allowing people to select and critically respond to them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criticism of global popular culture, according to the Marxist perspective?

<p>It reduces cultural standards and has harmful effects on the audience. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Baudrillard argues that the media accurately reflects reality, providing a clear picture of real events.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skair argues that global media promotes awareness of wars and global inequality.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do media companies encourage the poor to subscribe to commodity fetishism and false needs, according to the text?

<p>through advertising</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Baudrillard's concept of 'simulacra'.

<p>Simulacra are media images that appear to show real events but have no connection to those real events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, postmodernists argue that we are in a state of '_____', where the lines between what is real and what is simulated have become blurred.

<p>hyper reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does new media contribute to the blurring of high and popular culture, according to Strinati?

<p>By allowing individuals to 'pick and mix' from both popular and high culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Hyper-reality = A view of the world created and defined by the media, where the image of an event becomes more real than the event itself. Simulacra = Media images that appear to show real events but have no connection to those real events. Media Saturated Society = A society where views of the world is created and defined by the media Global Popular Culture = Has made the distinction between high and popular culture meaningless</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criticism that Postmodernists have about the media?

<p>The media's creation of hyper-reality that confuses audiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Strinati believes that a 'mass global culture' is passively and uncritically consumed by people worldwide.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Postmodernists believe individuals passively accept media messages without critical thought or rejection.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the postmodernist perspective on media influence?

<p>It overlooks the impact of local cultural values on media consumption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'cultural homogenization' in the context of globalization.

<p>Cultures becoming similar, merging into one global culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'cultural imperialism' in the context of global culture?

<p>The domination of Western culture over other cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ refers to the homogenization and standardization of the world as a result of globalization and capitalism, resembling companies like McDonalds.

<p>McDonaldization</p> Signup and view all the answers

McDonaldization primarily results in high-skill, well-paid jobs worldwide.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Cultural Homogenization = Cultures becoming the same, merging into one global culture. Cultural Imperialism = Domination of Western culture over other cultures. McDonaldization = Homogenization and standardization due to globalization and capitalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concern regarding globalized media content and advertising?

<p>Undermining of national and local cultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'Glocalization'?

<p>The process where global and local cultures operate interdependently, with global products adapted to suit local communities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reverse cultural flow refers to the phenomenon where cultural influence primarily moves from Western countries to the rest of the world, with little to no cultural exchange in the opposite direction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of reverse cultural flow, where a cultural product from a non-Western country has gained popularity in the West.

<p>Bollywood films</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term __________ describes how global products are adjusted to resonate with the local community, depicting a more favorable impact of globalization.

<p>Glocalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors enables reverse cultural flow?

<p>New Media/Digital Media. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All countries readily accept American popular culture without resistance due to its global appeal.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another term that can be used to describe Glocalization?

<p>Hybridisation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Baudrillard, what is the primary consequence of hyperreality in the postmodern era?

<p>The inability to distinguish between what is real and what is simulated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Strinati argues that media trends are less important than the genuine quality of a product in a media-saturated society.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term does Baudrillard use to describe the state where the lines between reality and simulation have become blurred?

<p>hyperreality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical perspective views the global spread of media as leading to a homogenization of culture, effectively creating a 'global village'?

<p>Postmodernism, highlighting interconnectedness and collapsed boundaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Strinati, celebrities can be considered ________ because their fame often stems from merely being famous.

<p>simulacra</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of 'infotainment,' as described in the content, suggests that news programs are increasingly prioritizing serious global matters over entertainment and celebrity news.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how media influences identity in a media-saturated postmodern world, according to the provided content?

<p>People increasingly base their identities on media imagery and celebrity lifestyles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Marxist perspectives, how does the illusion of choice manifest in the context of mass-produced products?

<p>Consumers are presented with a range of similar, uncritical products, limiting genuine autonomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'appearance' of reality in popular media shows accurately reflects the real world.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Marxist theory, the belief that consumer goods enhance one's life and grant special abilities is referred to as ______.

<p>commodity fetishism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the theorist with their key concept:

<p>Baudrillard = Hyperreality Strinati = Celebrities are simulacra</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their correct descriptions:

<p>Global Village Theory = Societies interconnected through technology, collapsing space and time barriers. Culture of Consumerism = Promotion of a Western lifestyle that encourages acceptance of dominant capitalist ideologies. Infotainment = News programs designed to be entertaining, emphasizing celebrities and sensationalism. Illusion of Choice = False perception of variety due to the availability of trivial and uncritical products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the pressure to 'Consume' relate to Celebrity lifestyles according to Strinati?

<p>The media forces Celebrity lifestyles upon us, creating pressure to consume the brands celebrities consume. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central argument made by McLuhan regarding technological change and globalization?

<p>Technological change has transformed the world into a Global Village. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Global media corporations primarily focus on producing cultural products that cater to niche markets rather than aiming for a global mass market.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concentration of media ownership in the hands of a few corporations potentially impact cultural diversity and representation?

<p>It may reduce diversity and representation by prioritizing profit and mass appeal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Global Popular Culture

The spread of similar cultural products and media content across many countries.

Frankfurt School

A group of Marxist thinkers who believed globalized popular culture lowers cultural standards.

Globalised Popular Culture (Marxist view)

Mass-produced cultural products imposed by global media businesses for profit.

Infotainment

News presented in an entertaining way, focusing on celebrities, crime, and violence.

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Culture of Consumerism

Selling a lifestyle based on Western consumerism through global media.

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Ideological product

Popular culture distracts poorer groups from inequality.

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Commodity fetishism

The belief that products give you special powers and enhance your life.

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False Needs

The idea that you need a product, even though you don't, generated through advertising.

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Hybrid Cultures

The blending of global and local cultures, resulting in hybrid cultural forms.

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Glocalization

A term describing the interaction of global and local influences; global products adapted to suit local tastes.

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Reverse cultural flow

The idea that culture doesn't just flow from the West to the rest of the world.

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New Media's Role

Local cultures distribute their media products across the globe using digital media.

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Bollywood Example

Bollywood films originating from India spreading from East to West.

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Resistance to American popular culture

Some countries resist American popular culture, such as Hollywood movies and music.

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Reception in Asian countries

Hollywood movies and American music are not always well-received.

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India's stance

Some countries, like India, may not widely accept American cultural exports.

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Global Village Theory

Societies worldwide are interconnected, and international boundaries become less relevant due to shared media exposure.

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Illusion of Choice

Mass-produced products create the illusion of choice, masking the lack of genuine variety and critical options.

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McLuhan's main idea

Technological changes have transformed the world.

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Collapsed space and time barriers

Digital media breaks down barriers making communication instant around the globe so people are exposed to similar information.

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Passive Submersion

The idea that individuals are simply passive recipients of media messages and hyperreality.

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Cultural Homogenization

The merging of cultures into one global culture.

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Cultural Imperialism

The domination of Western culture over other cultures.

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Corporate Domination

Transnational corporations, like empires, dominate the world.

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Undermining Local Cultures

Imposing media, consumer products, and cultural values on non-Western cultures, undermining local cultures.

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McDonaldization

The homogenization and standardization of the world due to globalization and capitalism.

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McJobs

Low-skill, low-paid jobs are proliferating due to globalization.

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Undermining Cultures

Globalized media and advertising can weaken or destroy national and local cultural identities.

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Hyperreality

The inability to distinguish between reality and its simulation, where simulations are accepted as real.

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Simulation

An image or representation of something or someone.

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Postmodern

Relating to a cultural state characterized by media saturation and the blurring of reality.

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Celebrity Lifestyles

Individuals or groups known primarily through media exposure, whose lifestyles are often promoted for consumption.

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Simulacra

Copies or representations that precede the real object or experience and define it.

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Media Saturated Society

The pervasiveness of media in society, influencing identity and experiences.

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Media Identity

Defining oneself based on images and representations seen in the media.

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Consume

The act of buying goods and services.

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Strinati's view

Rejects the idea of a single 'mass global culture' being passively consumed.

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Diversity of choice

The media's wide range of choices available which people select from and critically respond to.

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Blurred Cultural Lines

The distinction between high and popular culture is now meaningless.

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Media Creating Reality

The media creates hyper-reality, confusing audiences about what's real.

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Study Notes

  • Media, globalisation, and popular culture are interconnected topics

Global Village Theory

  • Postmodernists argue that societies are now interconnected worldwide
  • International borders are becoming less relevant
  • People are exposed to similar media messages
  • Media corporations operate globally and spread a mass culture

Illusion/Fallacy of Choice (Marxist Perspective)

  • Mass-produced products are imposed on people, giving an illusion of choice
  • Choices are limited to trivial and uncritical products

Infotainment (Marxist Perspective)

  • Media owners prioritize profit and create news programs that are like entertainment
  • Often focuses on celebrities, crime, and violence

Culture of Consumerism (Marxist Perspective)

  • Promotes Western and U.S. consumerist lifestyles
  • Encourages acceptance of the dominant ideology of Western capitalism

Commodity Fetishism (Marxist Perspective)

  • The idea that popular culture products give special powers and enhance life
  • False needs are generated through advertising

McLuhan's Global Village

  • McLuhan argued that technological change has made the world a global village
  • Digital media has collapsed space and time barriers in human communication
  • Media corporations create and sell cultural products on a global scale
  • The new media spreads a mass culture, exposing people to similar content
  • Reduces cultural standards and has harmful effects
  • Provides the "fallacy, illusion of Choice," with only uncritical products offered

Infotainment driven by Profit

  • Media owners create news programs that are like entertainment to maximize profit
  • Celebrity, crime, and violence are emphasized

Culture of Consumerism and Americanization

  • Accompanied by a feel-good factor based on Western and U.S. lifestyles
  • Global media sells the idea of a happy consumerist lifestyle

Ideological Product and Distraction

  • Popular culture distracts from inequality and exploitation
  • Encourages subscribing to commodity fetishism and false needs

False Needs and Short Lifespan

  • Some products give you "special powers" and enhance your life
  • Products have a short lifespan to encourage repurchasing

Marxist View on False Consciousness

  • Global popular culture leads the working class to develop false consciousness
  • The working class do not realize the extent of their exploitation due to consumerism

Postmodern Views on Choice and Culture

Diversity of Choice

  • Media industries provide diverse media that audience can critically respond to

Pick and Mix Culture

  • Distinction between high and popular culture is meaningless
  • The New Media allows audience to pick and mix high and popular cultures
  • Global media has transformed popular culture into high culture and vice versa

Baudrillard's Media-Saturated Society

  • Society is now a media-saturated society, and our view of the world is defined by media
  • Simulacra: media images that appear real but lack connection to real events
  • Hyperreality: media creates a view of the world that is more real than reality itself
  • Audiences cannot distinguish between what is simulated

Overcoming Cultural Homogenization

  • New Media challenges the idea of a mass global culture passively consumed
  • Now there is a diversity of media that can be critically responded
  • Distinction between high and popular culture is meaningless now
  • High culture is no longer limited to the common elite

Strinati

  • People can pick and mix media from any culture, to get the experiences they desire
  • However, Postmodernists do have concerns about the media

Baudrillard's Media-Saturated Society

  • Hyper reality is a view of the world is created and defined by the media

Distinguishing Between Simulation and Reality

  • The media no longer reflects reality but actively creates a hyper-reality
  • There is confusion about what is real and what is media created
  • In a more global culture, individuals identity more with media

Dominance of Media

  • Media saturated society dominates, forcing consumerism
  • Identities are defined by media imagery of celebrities and trends

Baudrillard Argues

  • The current society is in a "hyper reality," which means the lines between what is real and what is simulated have become blurred
  • Media images distort and dominate how the world is viewed

Copies of Copies

  • Cultures are no longer based on reality
  • New cultural products are imitations

Inability to Distinguish

  • Unable to distinguish between simulation and reality in the postmodern era
  • Hyper reality means images are accepted as fact

Critiques of Postmodern View

  • People are not fully submerged in media hyperreality
  • Critics ignore ability to reject or discuss media messages

Cultural Imperialism and Homogenisation

  • Cultural homogenisation: Cultures become the same
  • Cultural imperialism: Domination of Western culture over all

Undermining Cultures

  • America imposes media, cultural values, and consumer products
  • America promotes the same ideas for the whole world undermining cultures

McDonaldization

  • Creating more companies worldwide with low skill, low paying jobs

Nicola Fenton's Concern

  • Global culture is synonymous with American culture
  • Culture can often be undermined by consumer products

Marxist View on Cultural Imperialism

  • A community that imposes its culture on the less powerful community
  • Global Culture translates to dominance of Western culture, and cultural imperialism

Challenges to Cultural Imperialism

Cultural Hybridization

  • A growing cultural diversity which is a mix of 2 or more cultures

Glocalization

  • Global is on par with local, which combines to produce a new effect
  • There is cultural hybridization, the combination of cultures on global products

Reverse Cultural Flow

  • Local cultures using the New Media to send products across globe
  • Shows that cultures do not only flow fro the West, but also East to West

Resistance to American Media

  • Many cultures still have local communities and are true to original culture
  • Many countries remain resilient to products form the West

Pluralist's Challenge

  • In today's world, many cultures can dominate with ease and have imperialism
  • Globalisation has changed the way the world imposes upon cultural products
  • Tomlinson argues that Globalisation does not have any Western ideals

Hybrid Cultures

  • People can choose to pick and mix from what they desire and get creative products
  • Combining global, local, and hybrid cultures and styles together
  • Westernized an local cultures go hand in hand

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Media, Globalisation, and Popular Culture PDF

Description

Explore the interconnectedness of media, globalisation, and popular culture. Examine the impact of global media corporations and the spread of mass culture. Understand Marxist perspectives on the illusion of choice, infotainment, consumerism, and commodity fetishism in the context of global media.

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