Questions and Answers
Which of the following signs or symptoms is associated with hypercalcemia?
What is a common nursing intervention for hyponatremia?
Which of the following is a risk factor for bladder cancer?
Which of the following is a common symptom of dysmenorrhea?
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What is a common treatment for cervical cancer?
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Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat BPH?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of testicular cancer?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for gonorrhea?
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What is the normal range for serum potassium?
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Which of the following is a manifestation of hypervolemia?
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What is the normal range for PCO2?
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What is a common nursing intervention for patients with hypervolemia?
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What is the medical management for hypovolemia?
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What is the normal range for HCO3?
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What is a common manifestation of hypokalemia?
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What is the medical management for hyperkalemia?
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Study Notes
pH and Acid-Base Balance
- pH ranges: 7.35-7.45
- pH lower than 7.35: Acidosis
- pH higher than 7.45: Alkalosis
- Pco2 ranges: 35-45
- If PCO2 is going in an opposite direction than pH, it indicates a Respiratory disorder (Respiratory acidosis)
- Respiratory acidosis: pH less than 7.35 and Pco2 higher than 45
- Respiratory Alkalosis: pH greater than 7.45 and Pco2 less than 35
HCO3 Ranges
- HCO3 ranges: 22-26
- If HCO3 is going in the same direction as pH, it indicates a Metabolic problem
- Metabolic acidosis: Decreased pH, Pco2, HCO3
- Metabolic Alkalosis: Increased pH, Pco2, HCO3
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- Diffusion: Fluids move from extracellular to intracellular
- Hypovolemia manifestations: Tachycardia, Tachypnea, dehydration, Low bp, Orthostatic hypotension
- Hypovolemia medical management: IV isotonic solution 9% NS
- Hypovolemia nursing interventions: Fall precaution, Assist with ambulation, Monitor weight, Skin turgor assessment
- Hypervolemia manifestations: Hypertension, Rapid peripheral pulses, Respiratory symptoms, Crackles in lungs
- Hypervolemia medical management: Fluid restriction
- Hypervolemia complications: Weight gain of 2lbs in 3 days
- Hypervolemia nursing interventions: Monitoring weight, Calculating/monitoring strict I & Os, Fall precaution
Electrolyte Imbalance
- Hypokalemia: Serum potassium level < 5.0
- Hyperkalemia manifestations: ECG changes, Tall peaked T waves, Abdominal cramps, Muscle weakness, Diarrhea, Arrhythmia
- Hyperkalemia interventions: Calcium gluconate IVP, Calcium administration, IV dextrose and insulin administration
- Hypomagnesemia level: < 1.6
- Hypomagnesemia cause: Diarrhea
- Hypomagnesemia nursing management: Referral to alcohol abstinence programs
- Calcium normal values: 8.2-10.2
- Calcium and potassium are heart sensitive
Calcium Imbalance
- Hypocalcemia manifestations: Smooth muscle spasms/twitching, Positive Trousseau and Chvostek sign
- Hypercalcemia manifestations: Decreased deep tendon reflexes
- Hypercalcemia medical management: IV biphosphates, Calcitonin
Sodium Imbalance
- Hyponatremia cause and manifestation: Diuretics and seizure
- Hyponatremia nursing interventions: Seizure precaution
- Hypernatremia medical management: Limit sodium intake, Monitor daily weight
Chloride Imbalance
- Hypochloremia manifestations: Irritability, Hypotension, Tetany (Charlie horse)
Metabolic Acidosis
- Metabolic acidosis treatment: Treat underlying cause, Antidiarrheals
- Metabolic acidosis nursing management: Decreased cardiac output related to severe metabolic state
- Metabolic acidosis nursing interventions: Monitor hemodynamic status
Urinary Tract Infections
- UTI manifestations: Dysuria (painful urination and burning), Dark foul-smelling urine
- UTI nursing intervention: Increased fluid intake 2-3 liters per day
Urinary Incontinence
- Urinary incontinence: Involuntary or uncontrolled loss of urine in any amount
Cancer and Reproductive Health
- Bladder cancer risk factor: Smoking
- Dysmenorrhea treatment: Combined oral contraceptive (Progesterone & estrogen)
- Black cohosh: Menopause
- Cervical cancer diagnosis: Routine screening (pap smear)
- Cervical cancer treatment: Colposcopy with biopsy
- BPH manifestation: Weak urine stream/decreased force
- BPH medications: Anticholinergic
- BPH diagnosis: Digital rectal exam, Urinalysis to detect infection or blood
- Prostate cancer risk factor: Prostate enlarges with age
- Prostate cancer teaching: Signs of infection/fever
- Testicular cancer normal finding: Testicles are darker in skin color than the rest of the body
- HPV increases the risk of: Cervical cancer
- HPV diagnosis: Pap test, Colposcopy
- HPV nursing intervention assessment: Presence of genital warts
- HPV teaching: Prevention vaccine recommended for age 15-26
- Genital herpes manifestations: Fever, Headache
- Genital herpes medication: Cannot be taken during pregnancy
- Chlamydia may be asymptomatic but may result in: Dysuria
- Gonorrhea risk factors: Low socioeconomic status, History of STI and PID, Multiple sex partners
- Menopause classification: 12 months of no vaginal bleeding
- Urolithiasis (kidney stone) and UTI complication: Pyelonephritis
- Turp procedure: Surgical procedure that involved cutting away a section of the prostate BPH
- Cervical dysplasia: Abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix (caused by HPV)
- Condylomata Acuminate: Anogenital warts caused by HPV
- Syphilis medication: Penicillin
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Description
Test your knowledge on acid-base balance in medicine, including pH and PCO2 ranges, acidosis, alkalosis, and respiratory disorders.
