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Questions and Answers
Which enzyme is involved in the last step of β-oxidation cycle?
Which enzyme is involved in the last step of β-oxidation cycle?
Which of the following enzymes determines the rate of synthesis of cholesterol?
Which of the following enzymes determines the rate of synthesis of cholesterol?
The anion gap can be calculated using which of the following parameters?
The anion gap can be calculated using which of the following parameters?
Which enzyme plays a critical role in the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate in the glycolysis pathway?
Which enzyme plays a critical role in the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate in the glycolysis pathway?
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Which of the following describes the tertiary structure of a protein?
Which of the following describes the tertiary structure of a protein?
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A blood gas analysis shows the following results: pH 7.31, pCO2 50 mmHg, HCO3- 22 mEq/L. What is the correct interpretation?
A blood gas analysis shows the following results: pH 7.31, pCO2 50 mmHg, HCO3- 22 mEq/L. What is the correct interpretation?
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How would you classify a condition where all parameters of pH, HCO3-, and CO2 are abnormal?
How would you classify a condition where all parameters of pH, HCO3-, and CO2 are abnormal?
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Which condition can lead to metabolic alkalosis?
Which condition can lead to metabolic alkalosis?
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Which laboratory result indicates compensated metabolic alkalosis?
Which laboratory result indicates compensated metabolic alkalosis?
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Which buffer system is present at a high concentration inside cells and serves as an effective intracellular buffer?
Which buffer system is present at a high concentration inside cells and serves as an effective intracellular buffer?
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Which enzyme in the heme biosynthesis pathway requires pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme?
Which enzyme in the heme biosynthesis pathway requires pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme?
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The tertiary structure of a protein is primarily obtained from
The tertiary structure of a protein is primarily obtained from
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Which enzyme catalyzes the fourth and last step of the β-oxidation cycle?
Which enzyme catalyzes the fourth and last step of the β-oxidation cycle?
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The rate of synthesis of cholesterol is primarily determined by the capacity of
The rate of synthesis of cholesterol is primarily determined by the capacity of
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During the preparatory phase of glycolysis, glucose 6-phosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate by
During the preparatory phase of glycolysis, glucose 6-phosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate by
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What are common causes of chronic renal failure?
What are common causes of chronic renal failure?
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Which condition is typically associated with overproduction of ketone bodies?
Which condition is typically associated with overproduction of ketone bodies?
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What is homocystinuria commonly caused by?
What is homocystinuria commonly caused by?
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What is the main function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
What is the main function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
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Which shape best describes the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin?
Which shape best describes the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin?
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An increase in serum bicarbonate (HCO3) concentration that leads to elevation of the body's pH above 7.45 is called:
An increase in serum bicarbonate (HCO3) concentration that leads to elevation of the body's pH above 7.45 is called:
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What is the major hemoglobin found in the fetus?
What is the major hemoglobin found in the fetus?
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Which statement about hypoventilation is correct?
Which statement about hypoventilation is correct?
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Where is Hemoglobin F synthesized during the first month after conception?
Where is Hemoglobin F synthesized during the first month after conception?
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What is the enzyme responsible for conjugating bilirubin with UDP-glucuronic acid?
What is the enzyme responsible for conjugating bilirubin with UDP-glucuronic acid?
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Which hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen?
Which hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen?
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A very high elevation of ALT and AST is seen in:
A very high elevation of ALT and AST is seen in:
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Which of the following takes part in the pentose phosphate pathway?
Which of the following takes part in the pentose phosphate pathway?
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In glycolysis, the main products are which of the following?
In glycolysis, the main products are which of the following?
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When glucose is not available, the brain depends on?
When glucose is not available, the brain depends on?
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FBPase-1 is an important enzyme in?
FBPase-1 is an important enzyme in?
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The most buffer system in the plasma is?
The most buffer system in the plasma is?
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Which molecule is involved in the pentose phosphate pathway?
Which molecule is involved in the pentose phosphate pathway?
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What are the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
What are the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
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Which pathway directly produces ATP from the conversion of reduced diphosphoglycerate?
Which pathway directly produces ATP from the conversion of reduced diphosphoglycerate?
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What is the product when glycogen phosphorylase acts on glycogen?
What is the product when glycogen phosphorylase acts on glycogen?
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When glucose is not available, the brain relies on which alternative energy source?
When glucose is not available, the brain relies on which alternative energy source?
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For which purposes can NADPH be used?
For which purposes can NADPH be used?
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Which of the following are components of the preparatory phase of glycolysis?
Which of the following are components of the preparatory phase of glycolysis?
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Which enzyme is essential in gluconeogenesis?
Which enzyme is essential in gluconeogenesis?
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What is a common cause of increasing serum creatinine levels?
What is a common cause of increasing serum creatinine levels?
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The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate during glycolysis is catalyzed by which enzyme?
The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate during glycolysis is catalyzed by which enzyme?
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A predominantly direct hyperbilirubinemia is present in all of the following causes of jaundice, except:
A predominantly direct hyperbilirubinemia is present in all of the following causes of jaundice, except:
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How is iron transported in the circulation from the intestine to the sites of metabolism in the body?
How is iron transported in the circulation from the intestine to the sites of metabolism in the body?
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Which structure arises from further folding of the secondary structure of the protein?
Which structure arises from further folding of the secondary structure of the protein?
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In a hemoglobin molecule, the α-subunits and β-subunits in the dimers interact together by which type of bonding?
In a hemoglobin molecule, the α-subunits and β-subunits in the dimers interact together by which type of bonding?
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What interactions are responsible for the tertiary structure of a protein?
What interactions are responsible for the tertiary structure of a protein?
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Which of the following is a marker of myocardial ischemia?
Which of the following is a marker of myocardial ischemia?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the rate-determining step in cholesterol synthesis?
Which enzyme is responsible for the rate-determining step in cholesterol synthesis?
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The fourth step of the β-oxidation cycle involves which enzyme?
The fourth step of the β-oxidation cycle involves which enzyme?
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Which of the following increases within 6 hours of myocardial infarction, peaks at 72 hours, and then remains elevated up to 10-14 days?
Which of the following increases within 6 hours of myocardial infarction, peaks at 72 hours, and then remains elevated up to 10-14 days?
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Which of the following is the main function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Which of the following is the main function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
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A patient with GOT and GPT levels more than 3 times the normal, and minor elevation in ALP, with low albumin is likely to have which condition?
A patient with GOT and GPT levels more than 3 times the normal, and minor elevation in ALP, with low albumin is likely to have which condition?
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In metabolic alkalosis, the body compensates by:
In metabolic alkalosis, the body compensates by:
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Overproduction of ketone bodies is most commonly associated with which condition?
Overproduction of ketone bodies is most commonly associated with which condition?
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Which enzyme closely parallels ALP levels?
Which enzyme closely parallels ALP levels?
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The tertiary structure of a protein is primarily obtained from which type of interactions?
The tertiary structure of a protein is primarily obtained from which type of interactions?
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Which enzyme catalyzes the fourth and last step of the β-oxidation cycle?
Which enzyme catalyzes the fourth and last step of the β-oxidation cycle?
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The rate of synthesis of cholesterol is determined by the capacity of which enzyme?
The rate of synthesis of cholesterol is determined by the capacity of which enzyme?
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In the preparatory phase of glycolysis, glucose 6-phosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate by which enzyme?
In the preparatory phase of glycolysis, glucose 6-phosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate by which enzyme?
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What are the causes of homocystinuria?
What are the causes of homocystinuria?
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Which structure refers to two or more polypeptide chains forming sub-units?
Which structure refers to two or more polypeptide chains forming sub-units?
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What is the main function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
What is the main function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
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What enzyme overactivity leads to overproduction of ketone bodies in untreated diabetes mellitus?
What enzyme overactivity leads to overproduction of ketone bodies in untreated diabetes mellitus?
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Study Notes
Biochemistry and Medicine
Iron Metabolism
- Iron is transported in the circulation from the intestine to the sites of metabolism in the body bound to transferrin.
Hemoglobin Structure
- In hemoglobin molecule, the α-subunits and β-subunits in the dimers interact together by hydrophobic interactions.
Heart Markers
- Troponin T is a marker of myocardial ischemia that increases within 6 hours of myocardial infarction, peaks at 72 hours, and then remains elevated up to 10-14 days.
Liver Function Tests
- A patient with GOT, GPT levels more than 3 times normal, with ALP normal or minor elevated, and albumin low, is expected to have acute hepatitis.
- The enzyme that closely parallels the ALP levels is GGT.
Acid-Base Balance
- The major renal mechanisms for regulation of pH are excretion of H+ and reabsorption of bicarbonate.
- In metabolic alkalosis, the body is compensated by hypoventilation.
Nutrition and Absorption
- Increase absorption of iron occurs in the presence of ascorbic acid.
Jaundice
- A predominantly direct hyperbilirubinemia is present in all of the following causes of jaundice, except hemolysis.
- In pre-hepatic jaundice, urobilinogen increases, bilirubin is absent in urine, and serum ALP is normal.
Enzymes
- Creatine kinase is an enzyme that increases in myocardial infarction.
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Test your knowledge of acid-base balance in the human body, including respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. Choose the correct answers from multiple-choice questions.
