eizures and Epilepsy: Pathophysiological and Pharmacological Perspectives

What is the primary mechanism of action for Lamotrigine in treating seizures? A) Blocking AMPA receptors to inhibit glutamate release. B) Binding to the fast inactivated state of Na_v channels to slow recovery and reduce sodium influx. C) Enhancing GABA_A receptor activity to increase inhibitory neurotransmission. D) Binding to T-type Ca_v channels to block calcium influx.

Which of the following drugs inhibits T-type Ca_v channels?

What additional action does Lamotrigine perform aside from inhibiting Na_v channels?

Which of the following drugs primarily binds to the α2δ accessory protein of voltage-gated calcium channels?

Which receptors are targeted in glutamate receptor antagonism?

How do Gabapentinoids like Pregabalin and Gabapentin modulate calcium channels?

Which of the following is NOT a known inhibitor of voltage-dependent sodium channels?

Which receptor is directly modulated by benzodiazepines?

What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines on GABA_A receptors?

Which of the following drugs enhances the duration of GABA_A receptor channel opening?

Which drug inhibits GABA transaminase to increase GABA concentration?

What is the primary action of Perampanel in glutamate receptor antagonism?

Tiagabine increases GABA availability by: A) Blocking GABA uptake. B) Enhancing the frequency of GABA_A receptor opening. C) Inhibiting glutamate release. D) Blocking NMDA receptors.

Which of the following is a glutamate receptor antagonist that blocks AMPA receptors?

Which drugs interact with NMDA, AMPA, or Kainate receptors?

Where does Phenobarbital bind on the GABA_A receptor?

Which of the following drugs does NOT directly interact with GABA_A receptors but still influences inhibitory neurotransmission?

Which drugs bind to synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) to decrease glutamate release?

What is the proposed mechanism of action of Levetiracetam in reducing seizures?

Which of the following antiepileptic medications (ASMs) is associated with weight gain as a side effect?

Which ASM is most likely to cause weight loss?

Which antiepileptic medication (ASM) is most likely to cause weight loss?

Common side effects of anti-seizure medications (ASMs) include all of the following EXCEPT:

Which of the following adverse effects is shared by most anti-seizure medications?

Levetiracetam and Brivaracetam are believed to reduce seizures by:

Weight loss as a side effect is characteristic of which set of ASMs? A) Pregabalin, Levetiracetam, Perampanel B) Topiramate, Stiripentol, Zonisamide C) Valproate, Ethosuximide, Gabapentin D) Phenobarbital, Carbamazepine, Rufinamide

What is the primary goal of polypharmacy in the treatment of epilepsy?

Which of the following best defines polypharmacology? A) The use of drugs with multiple therapeutic effects for non-epileptic conditions. B) The use of multiple drugs for synergistic control of seizures. C) Drugs that target multiple mechanisms of action within a single agent. D) Combining drugs to avoid adverse effects.

Which ASM is commonly used for managing neuropathic pain?

Carbamazepine is frequently used to treat which condition beyond epilepsy? A) Migraine management B) Bipolar disorder C) Trigeminal neuralgia D) Generalized anxiety disorder

Which antiepileptic medications (ASMs) are commonly used for the management of bipolar disorder?

Benzodiazepines are frequently prescribed for which condition beyond epilepsy?

Which of the following is an example of polypharmacy in epilepsy management?

What is the primary focus of developmental toxicology?

Teratology is primarily concerned with:

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the effects of a teratogen?

Which of the following is NOT an example of a human teratogen?

What is the purpose of genotoxicity studies?

Which of the following is included in the standard 3-test battery for genotoxicity? A) In vitro test for chromosomal damage in bacterial cells. B) In vivo test for chromosomal damage in rat hematopoietic cells. C) Test for gene mutations in mammalian cells. D) In vivo test for chromosomal damage in humans.

Which species is typically used as the non-rodent model in Embryo-Foetal Development (EFD) studies?

Which of the following is assessed in Fertility and Early Embryonic Development (FEED) studies?

In Pre- and Post-natal Development (PPND) studies, animals are exposed to the drug during which period?

Which parameter is NOT measured in Embryo-Foetal Development (EFD) studies?

Which of the following parameters is assessed in Pre- and Post-natal Development (PPND) studies? (Select one)

What causes hyper-excitability in the brain?

Which of the following is true regarding GABA's role in seizures?

What is a common pathological finding in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE)?

What is the result of chronic glial dysfunction in the brain?

Which of the following seizure types originates from networks limited to one hemisphere?

Which of the following seizure types originates from networks limited to one hemisphere?

Which seizure type is characterized by sudden, brief, shock-like muscle jerks?

Which type of seizure involves a loss of consciousness with tonic-clonic convulsions?

Which seizure type involves a brief loss of awareness without loss of postural tone?

Which type of seizure involves sudden, brief, shock-like muscle jerks?

What is the primary characteristic of a tonic seizure?

Which of the following is characterized by a loss of postural tone, also known as 'drop' attacks?

Which of the following clinical features is commonly associated with seizures?

What is a possible consequence of a seizure affecting the motor cortex?

Which of the following can occur as a seizure spreads within the brain? A) Sudden loss of vision B) Sequential behaviours (e.g., fingers → wrist → elbow) C) Immediate loss of consciousness D) Lack of muscle coordination

Which of the following is commonly seen after a seizure?

Urinary incontinence can be a clinical feature of which condition? A) Headaches B) Seizures C) Stroke D) Migraine

What characterizes status epilepticus?

Which of the following is a potential consequence of status epilepticus?

What is a significant long-term effect of prolonged or severe epilepsy on the brain?

What medical approach is necessary for treating status epilepticus?

What does the term 'SUDEP' stand for?

What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) record?

How is the electrical activity recorded in an EEG?

Where are EEG signals typically recorded from?

What is the primary advantage of EEG?

What is a limitation of EEG?

What generates the extracellular dipole that is detected by EEG?

What type of seizure is characterized by repetitive generalized or focal spikes and sharp waves lasting longer than 10 seconds at a frequency of 3 Hz or more?

In a generalized onset seizure, where does the seizure activity begin?

What characterizes a focal onset seizure? (Select all that apply)

Which EEG abnormalities are commonly seen in epilepsy? (Select all that apply)

What is typically assessed during interictal activity (between seizures) in epilepsy diagnosis?

Which imaging technique is commonly used to identify structural abnormalities such as scar tissue, tumors, or bleeds in the brain?

Which imaging technique is used to identify functional abnormalities by measuring blood flow to active brain regions?

Which brain imaging technique is specifically useful for detecting hippocampal sclerosis?

What does an odd numbered lead indicate in paired electrode recordings?

What is primarily assessed in the diagnostic value of wave recordings?

In the context of paired electrodes, how is potential recorded?

What does an even numbered lead signify in paired electrode recordings?

Which of the following options does NOT contribute to interpreting wave recordings?

Electrode pairings

Odd-numbered leads

Even-numbered leads

Diagnostic value (EEG)

Paired electrodes