Mechanics of Cell Signals and Techniques

<p>Integrative Tension Sensor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macroscopic mechanical signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell adhesive force imaging (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FRET responses indicate directional wave propagation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stiffness and forces applied by individual cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual clusters produced by focal adhesions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the reflection of a laser beam off the cantilever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It produces sharper images with higher resolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of optical tweezers for biological applications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It blocks out-of-focus light. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure, lung expansion, and walking forces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optical tweezers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces noise within the image. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interaction of light with small particles or features. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confocal microscopy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microscopic mechanical signals from cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiovascular, bone, cartilage, and liver systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Median filter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify key features in the image. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It defines the ability to distinguish between two closely spaced objects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulated emission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecules must emit enough photons consistently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More than 250 nanometers apart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ground state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoiding fluorescence from non-target molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enters a dark state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphasis on stimulated emission depletion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two images are just resolvable when the center of one is over the minimum of the other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break the diffraction barrier and improve optical resolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>r = 0.61λ / NA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.34µm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It employs photoactivatable fluorophores for resolution of details. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PALM microscopy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They emit for a short time but then bleach. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It consists of a central bright spot and surrounding rings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signals transmitted through physical forces, such as pressure and tension.

Tiny mechanical signals, like forces from cells and cell stiffness.

Large-scale mechanical signals, like blood pressure and bone stiffness.

A technique to measure the forces cells exert.

Small pillars used to measure cell traction forces.

Technique that measures changes in protein interactions.

A tool for imaging cell adhesive force.

Force cells use to stick to surfaces.

A pattern of individual clusters created by focal adhesions, reflecting the force distribution applied by cells.

A technique using an Atomic Force Microscope to measure the stiffness of materials by indenting their surface.

A method of measuring cell stiffness by indenting their surface with a sharp probe, creating a profile of the indentation.

A tool that uses focused laser beams to trap and manipulate microscopic objects like cells, using light to grab and move things.

The use of optical tweezers within a living organism, allowing for manipulation and analysis of cells and molecules inside living systems.

Molecules that detect and respond to mechanical forces, bridging the gap between physical forces and cellular responses.

The study of how mechanical forces influence cell behavior, such as movement, shape-shifting, and interactions with other cells.

The study of how mechanical forces affect the development, function, and health of various organs, like the heart, bones, and brain.

A technique that assigns colors to grayscale images to highlight specific features or patterns.

Converting a grayscale image into a black and white image by setting a threshold value. Pixels above the threshold become white, and below become black.

A smoothing filter that replaces each pixel with the average value of its surrounding pixels, reducing noise and blurring sharp edges.

A smoothing filter that replaces each pixel with the median value of its surrounding pixels, effectively removing noise while preserving edges.

An edge detection filter that highlights sharp changes in image intensity, identifying boundaries and features.

A technique that uses a pinhole to block out-of-focus light, providing high-resolution images of specific planes within a thick sample.

The ability to distinguish between two closely spaced objects in an image.

The diffraction pattern of light passing through a circular aperture, affecting the resolution of a microscope.

The smallest resolvable distance between two points in an image, determined by the wavelength of light and the numerical aperture of the lens.

Two points are resolvable when the center of one's diffraction pattern overlaps with the first minimum of the other's.

A measure of a lens' ability to gather light, influencing resolution.

A technique that overcomes the diffraction limit, allowing images with resolution down to 5-20 nm.

A super-resolution method that uses photoactivatable fluorophores to visualize tightly packed molecules.

A super-resolution method that uses laser beams to create a donut-shaped region of excitation, allowing for higher spatial resolution.

A technique that allows the study of individual molecules by analyzing their emitted light.

A super-resolution microscopy technique that utilizes stimulated emission depletion (STED) to improve image resolution beyond the diffraction limit. In STED, a laser beam is used to excite fluorescent molecules, while a second, donut-shaped beam de-excites the molecules in the surrounding area, resulting in a smaller, sharper fluorescent spot.

The donut-shaped laser beam in STED microscopy serves to de-excite fluorescent molecules in the surrounding area of the targeted region. This depletion process results in a smaller, sharper fluorescent spot, effectively improving image resolution beyond the diffraction limit.

A super-resolution microscopy technique that utilizes stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) to achieve resolutions beyond the diffraction limit. In STORM, photoswitchable fluorescent molecules are activated and deactivated randomly, allowing researchers to pinpoint their locations with high accuracy.

Photoswitchable molecules are essential in STORM because they allow researchers to activate and deactivate them randomly. This random switching enables precise localization of each molecule and allows for the reconstruction of a high-resolution image.

Super-resolution techniques, such as STED and STORM, overcome the diffraction limit by employing sophisticated methods to enhance image resolution beyond the capabilities of conventional light microscopes. They achieve this by manipulating the light-matter interactions and extracting more detailed information from the sample.

In STORM, sparsely activated fluorescent molecules are crucial for achieving high-resolution imaging. The molecules must be sufficiently separated, beyond the diffraction limit, so that their individual positions can be determined accurately.

After activation in STORM, a photoswitchable molecule emits a sufficient number of photons to allow for precise localization before entering a dark state or becoming deactivated by photobleaching. This process ensures that the position of each molecule can be accurately determined within the image.